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Muhammad I of Córdoba

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Muhammad I of Cordoba
محمد بن عبد الرحمن الأوسط
Silver dirham minted during
the reign of Emir Muhammad I.
5th Emir of Córdoba
Reign852–886
PredecessorAbd ar-Rahman II
Successoral-Mundhir
Born823
Córdoba
Died886 (aged 62–63)
Córdoba
IssueAl-Mundhir of Córdoba
Abdullah of Córdoba
DynastyUmayyad dynasty
FatherAbd ar-Rahman II
MotherNahtiz
ReligionIslam

Muhammad I of Cordoba (823–886; Arabic: محمد بن عبد الرحمن الأوسط) was a Muslim ruler of al-Andalus.[1] He ruled during a time of thriving art, architecture and culture in Islamic Iberia in the 9th century, turning Cordoba into a cultural and political center.

Reign

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Muhammad I engaged in diplomacy with Charles the Bald, the Carolingian king of the West Franks, sending him camels in 865.[2]

Martyrs of Cordoba

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Main article: Martyrs of Córdoba

Under the reign of Muhammad I, what became later known as the Cordoban Martyr Movement took place. While a majority of Cordoban Christians conformed to Islamic society and lived comfortably as a result, there were still some who fervently defended their faith. During the mid 9th century there was a group of outspoken Cordoban Christians who publicly denounced the Muhammad.[3] As a result of their protests, 50 Christians were executed by the Umayyad government. The source of this event comes from a rediscovered 16th century manuscript.[4][5]

Architecture

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The Puerta de San Estaban, at the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba, dates from a renovation under Muhammad I in 855

Muhammad I is credited with some of the work done on the Great Mosque of Cordoba in the 9th century. He may have completed the first major expansion of the mosque begun by his father, Abd ar-Rahman II.[6][7] He also added a maqsura.[6] In 855 he restored the entrance called Bab al-Wuzara' ("Gate of the Viziers"), known today as the Puerta de San Esteban, which is an important early example of the prototypical Moorish gateway.[8][6][7]

One of Muhammad I's wives, Umm Salama, also founded a cemetery and a mosque named after her in the northern suburbs of Cordoba. Over time, this cemetery turned into the city's largest.[9][10]

References

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  1. ^ Monterroso Checa, Antonio; Monferrer-Sala, Juan Pedro (2023-03-06). A Companion to Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Cordoba. BRILL. pp. 142, 149, 312. doi:10.1163/9789004524156. ISBN 978-90-04-52415-6.
  2. ^ Ottewill-Soulsby, Samuel (2019). "The Camels of Charles the Bald". Medieval Encounters. 25 (3): 263–292. doi:10.1163/15700674-12340046.
  3. ^ Wolf, Kenneth Baxter (2000), "Muḥammad as Antichrist in Ninth-Century Córdoba", Christians, Muslims, and Jews in Medieval and Early Modern Spain, University of Notre Dame Press, p. 5, doi:10.2307/j.ctvpj7bxm.5, retrieved 2023-11-16
  4. ^ Lowney, Christopher (2012). A Vanished World: Medieval Spain's Golden Age of Enlightenment. Simon and Schuster. pp. 57, 63–64. ISBN 978-0-7432-8261-1.
  5. ^ Ihnat, Kati (2019). "The Martyrs of Córdoba: Debates around a curious case of medieval martyrdom". History Compass. 18. doi:10.1111/hic3.12603. hdl:2066/214737.
  6. ^ a b c Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (1992). "The Great Mosque of Córdoba". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 15–16. ISBN 0870996371.
  7. ^ a b Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780300218701.
  8. ^ Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. p. 43. ISBN 3822896322.
  9. ^ Safran, Janina M. (2013). Defining Boundaries in al-Andalus: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Islamic Iberia. Cornell University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8014-6800-1.
  10. ^ Murillo Redondo, Juan Francisco; Casal-García, María Teresa (2023). "The Suburbs of the Greatest City in the West". In Monferrer-Sala, Juan Pedro; Monterroso-Checa, Antonio (eds.). A Companion to Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Cordoba: Capital of Roman Baetica and Caliphate of al-Andalus. Brill. pp. 234, 245. ISBN 978-90-04-52415-6.

Sources

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  • Altamira, Rafael (1999). "Il califfato occidentale". Storia del mondo medievale. Vol. II. pp. 477–515.
  • Calmet, Augustin, 1672–1757. (1767). Histoire Universelle, Sacrée et Profane. Chez Jean Renauld Doulssecker. OCLC 314190685.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Muhammad I of Córdoba
Cadet branch of the Banu Quraish
Preceded by Emir of Córdoba
852–886 		Succeeded by
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