Jump to content

Shijiazhuang

Coordinates: 38°02′33″N 114°30′36″E / 38.04250°N 114.51000°E / 38.04250; 114.51000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Shi Jia Zhuang)

Shijiazhuang
石家庄市
Shihkiachwang, Shimen
Skyline of Shijiazhuang from Xinbai Plaza
Zhuangli Commercial Street
Map
Location of Shijiazhuang City jurisdiction in Hebei
Location of Shijiazhuang City jurisdiction in Hebei
Shijiazhuang is located in Hebei
Shijiazhuang
Shijiazhuang
Location of the city center in Hebei
Shijiazhuang is located in Northern China
Shijiazhuang
Shijiazhuang
Shijiazhuang (Northern China)
Shijiazhuang is located in China
Shijiazhuang
Shijiazhuang
Shijiazhuang (China)
Coordinates (Hebei People's Government): 38°02′33″N 114°30′36″E / 38.04250°N 114.51000°E / 38.04250; 114.51000
CountryChina
ProvinceHebei
Settled204 B.C. (Changshan Commandery)
EstablishedJune 24, 1925
Municipal seatChang'an District
Government
 • TypePrefecture-level city
 • BodyShijiazhuang Municipal People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryZhang Chaochao
 • Congress ChairmanLi Xuerong
 • MayorMa Yujun
 • CPPCC ChairmanZhang Ye
Area
 • Prefecture-level city14,072 km2 (5,433 sq mi)
 • Urban
2,256.6 km2 (871.3 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,664.2 km2 (1,028.7 sq mi)
Elevation
83 m (272 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[1]
 • Prefecture-level city11,235,086
 • Density800/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
 • Urban
5,758,403
 • Urban density2,600/km2 (6,600/sq mi)
 • Metro
6,230,709
 • Metro density2,300/km2 (6,100/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Shijiazhuangnese, Villager (colloq.)
GDP[2]
 • Prefecture-level cityCN¥ 710 billion
US$ 84.2 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 52,859
US$ 7,664
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
050000
ISO 3166 codeCN-HE-01
Licence plate prefixes冀A
City FlowerRosa Chinensis
City TreeStyphnolobium
GaWC World City level classificationSufficiency
Rapid transit
Websitewww.SJZ.gov.cn
Shijiazhuang
"Shijiazhuang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese石家庄
Traditional Chinese石家莊
PostalShihkiachwang
Literal meaning"Shi Family Village"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinShíjiāzhuāng
Bopomofoㄕˊ   ㄐㄧㄚ   ㄓㄨㄤ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhShyrjiajuang
Wade–GilesShih2-chia1-chuang1
Yale RomanizationShŕjyājwāng
IPA[ʂɻ̩̌.tɕjá.ʈʂwáŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationSehk-gāa-jōng
JyutpingSek6-gaa1-zong1
IPA[sɛk̚˨.ka˥.tsɔŋ˥]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJChio̍h-ka-chng
Tâi-lôTsio̍h-ka-tsng
Shimen
Simplified Chinese石门
Traditional Chinese石門
Literal meaning"Shi family's village and Xiumen village Portfolio"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinShímén

Shijiazhuang[a] is the capital and most populous city of China's Hebei Province.[4] A prefecture-level city about 266 kilometres (165 mi) southwest of Beijing,[5] it administers eight districts, three county-level cities and eleven counties.

At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 11,235,086, with 6,230,709 in the built-up area comprising all urban districts except Jingxing District and Zhengding County, the twelfth largest in mainland China.[6]

Shijiazhuang experienced dramatic growth after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The population of the metropolitan area has more than quadrupled in thirty years as a result of industrialization and infrastructural developments.[7] From 2008 to 2011, Shijiazhuang implemented a three-year plan, resulting in an increase of green areas and new buildings and roads. A railway station, airport and subway system have been opened.[8]

Shijiazhuang is east of the Taihang Mountains, a mountain range extending over 400 km (250 mi) from north to south with an average elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 m (4,900 to 6,600 ft).

Name

[edit]

The city's present name, Shijiazhuang (Chinese: 石家庄), first appeared during the Ming dynasty. Its literal meaning is "Shi family's village". The word Shijiazhuang was generally used after construction of the Shijiazhuang station of the Zhengtai Railway in 1907.

The origin of the name is heavily disputed. One story claimed that the Wanli Emperor sent 24 officers and their families to the area, after which the group splits into two settlements consisting of 10 and 14 families. The imperial court then named the settlements "village of 10 families" (十家庄) and "village of 14 families" (十四家庄), respectively. Since the Chinese characters for ten (; shí) and stone (; shí) are homophones, it is speculated that the city name gradually evolved into its current spelling. Another explanation is that the settlement was named after the highest-ranking official amongst the groups, who was surnamed Shi.[9] However, a county named Shiyi (Chinese: 石邑; lit. 'stone city'), in present-day Luquan District, was already present during the Warring States period, suggesting that the name, or its elements, have even older origins.[10]

At first, the settlement was officially known only as "Shijia", as the "zhuang" was solely used to denote the nature of the settlement being a village, instead of being part of its name. This was further evidenced on June 24, 1925, when the Republican government ordered the village to be established as an autonomous city under the name Shijia. The city ended up being renamed as Shimen (石门) when it was officially incorporated on August 29, 1925, after the merger with another village, Xiumen (Chinese: 休门; lit. 'auspicious gate').[11] Despite being renamed, however, many documents and war plans from the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War still referred to the city as "Shijiazhuang" or "Shizhuang". To avoid confusion and association with the Japanese Army, the Chinese Communist Party ultimately reverted the city's name back to Shijiazhuang on December 26, 1947.[12][13] Since then, many terms regarding the city have been stemmed from the "zhuang" suffix, including its nickname "international village" (国际庄),[14] and the colloquial demonym, "villagers" (庄里人). Jokingly, people also call it "Sky Home Town" or "Rocksville" from its Chinese translating into English.[15]

History

[edit]

Pre-Qin period

[edit]

This area was occupied by Xianyu people at beginning of Zhou dynasty; it later belonged to the Zhongshan (中山國) and Zhao states during the pre-Qin period.

Qin and Han dynasties

[edit]

In pre-Han times (i.e., before 206 BC), the site of the city of Shiyi in the state of Zhao was located in this area. After taking over Zhao, Qin Shi Huang established the Hengshan Commandery in the region. It became part of the Zhao Principality under Western Han. The land was briefly granted to Liu Buyi (劉不疑), son of the Emperor Hui, during Empress Dowager Lü's reign. The territory was then passed to Liu Hong, Emperor Houshao of Han, after Buyi's death. It was then granted to Liu Chao (劉朝), another son of Emperor Hui. During the defeat of the Lü clan, Liu Chao was killed and the territory became a commandery of Zhao once again. Later, due to a naming taboo of Emperor Wen of Han, whose personal name is Liu Heng, its name was changed to Changshan (常山).[16] From Han (206 BC–AD 220) to Sui (581–618) times it was the site of a county seat named Shiyi.

Tang dynasty

[edit]

With the reorganization of local government in the early period of the Tang dynasty (618–907), Hengshan county was abolished, and it was reestablished as a prefecture. It was renamed as Zhen Prefecture due to a naming taboo with Emperor Muzong of Tang, whose personal name was Li Heng.

Yuan and Song dynasties

[edit]

Zhending was a giant city in the area, now Zhengding county, where was destination of migration from Yuan dynasty people and central area of preceding Northern Song dynasty people, particularly in Kaifeng and Zhengzhou etc. Marco Polo has glanced the city and noted it in his book.[17]

Ming and Qing dynasties

[edit]

The name "Shijiazhuang" was first mentioned in 1535 on a stele of a local temple. Shijiazhuang was then little more than a local market town, subordinated to the flourishing city of Zhengding a few miles to the north.

Republican era

[edit]
Old platform of Shijiazhuang in 1907

The growth of Shijiazhuang into one of China's major cities began in 1905, when the Beijing–Wuhan (Hankou) railway reached the area, stimulating trade and encouraging local farmers to grow cash crops. Two years later the town became the junction for the new Shitai line, running from Shijiazhuang to Taiyuan, Shanxi. The connection transformed the town from a local collecting center and market into a communications center of national importance on the main route from Beijing and Tianjin to Shanxi, and later, when the railway from Taiyuan was extended to the southwest, to Shaanxi as well. The city also became the center of an extensive road network.

City seal during the Japanese occupation

Pre-World War II, Shijiazhuang was a large railway town as well as a commercial and collecting center for Shanxi and regions farther west and for agricultural produce of the North China Plain, particularly grain, tobacco, and cotton. By 1935, it had far outstripped Zhengding as an economic center. At the end of World War II the character of the city changed when it took on an administrative role as the preeminent city in western Hebei, and developed into an industrial city. Some industries, such as match manufacturing, tobacco processing, and glassmaking, had already been established before the war. By 1941, Shide railway line was constructed between Shijiazhuang and Dezhou, Shandong in the war occupied period, operated by North China Transportation Company.

On November 12, 1947, the city was captured by Communist forces. Xibaipo, a village about 90 km (56 mi) from downtown Shijiazhuang, in Pingshan County was the location of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army during the decisive stages of the Chinese Civil War between May 26, 1948, and March 23, 1949, at which point they were moved to Beijing. Today, the area is a memorial site.[18]

People's Republic

[edit]

Since the city was pivotal to the People's Liberation Army's victory of the Chinese Civil War, many governmental agencies have roots in Shijiazhuang. The creation of the North China People's Government in 1947 affirmed the city's position as a key political center. A year later, as the result of the merger between the Bank of North China, the Bank of Beihai, and the Northwest Agricultural Bank, the People's Bank of China was established here, where it produced and released the first series of the renminbi.[19]

Meanwhile, the industrialization of the city also gathered momentum thanks to government initiatives including the First Five-Year Plan. Shijiazhuang was one of the fourteen cities selected as focus cities for development. The population more than tripled in the decade 1948–58 after Communist won the civil war. In the 1950s, the city experienced a major expansion in the textile industry, with large-scale cotton spinning, weaving, printing, and dyeing works. In addition, there are plants processing local farm produce. In the 1960s it was the site of a new chemical industry, with plants producing fertilizer and caustic soda. Shijiazhuang also became an engineering base, with a tractor-accessory plant. There are important coal deposits at Jingxing and Huailu, now named Luquan, a few miles to the west in the foothills of the Taihang Mountains, which provide fuel for a thermal-generating plant supplying power to local industries.

Tianjin was again carved out of Hebei in 1967, remaining a separate entity today. The provincial capital was then moved to Baoding, however, the city was plunged into chaos due to the Cultural Revolution just a year later. Thus, under the direction of Mao Zedong to "prepare for war and natural disasters", Shijiazhuang became the provincial capital in 1968.

Beginning in the 1990s, Shijiazhuang saw another episode of rapid growth and development. Starting from the plains area in the east and south of the city, the focus of the developments later shifted towards the mountainous districts and counties in the west, as well as along the Hutuo River in the north.[20]

In the early hours of March 16, 2001, four apartment buildings were leveled after a series of explosions rocked the city, killing 108 while injuring 38. The perpetrator was a deaf, unemployed man named Jin Ruchao who police arrested weeks later. Jin confessed that he had delivered the bombs via taxi and stated that the bombings were an act of revenge on his relatives, who were among the tenants of the apartments. Jin and his accomplices were later executed.[21]

In December 2020, its mayor, Deng Peiran, was charged with corruption, with Ma Yujun currently serving as the acting mayor.[22] A few weeks later, the city became a new COVID-19 hotspot: starting from the village of Xiaoguozhuang in Gaocheng District in the northern portion of the city, cases has been increasing rapidly since January 2, 2021.[23] Due to its proximity with Beijing and the severity of the outbreak, harsh measures were put into place, with all 11 million residences undergoing mandatory testing, as well as school closures, banning of gatherings, and residential districts being sealed.[24] All highways were blocked off, with rail and air links also suspended.[25]

Throughout the years, the city's administrative units have been shifted and adjusted multiple times. Initially, Shijiazhuang was administered under the prefecture of the same name, along with the counties of Zhengding, Pingshan, Lingshou, Jingxing, Jianping, Huailu, Jinxian, Gaocheng, Luancheng, Zhaoxian, Shulu, Yuanshi, Zanhuang, Gaoyi, and one town, Xinji. The first new district of the city, Jingxing Mining District, was created on June 27, 1950. On November 7, 1952, Hengshui Prefecture, to the east, was merged into Shijiazhuang, adding six more counties. The prefecture continued to expand after Dingxian Prefecture was split and merged into Baoding and Shijiazhuang on June 18, 1954. Between March 1960 and May 1961, the prefecture and the city merged. Thereafter, however, the prefecture was re-established, with Hengshui Prefecture splitting away the next year. The city and its prefecture merged for good in June 1993. In the 2010s, Shijiazhuang's administrative divisions saw further changes. In 2013, the county-level city of Xinji, although still part of Shijiazhuang prefecture, is now directly administered by Hebei province. Later, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved more adjustments to the city's divisions. Qiaodong District was dissolved and merged into Chang'an and Qiaoxi districts. Three county-level cities, Gaocheng, Luquan, and Luancheng, became urban districts.[20]

Geography

[edit]
Map including Shijiazhuang (labeled as SHIH-MEN (SHIHKIACHWANG) 石門) (AMS, 1954)

Shijiazhuang is located in south-central Hebei, and is part of the Bohai Economic Rim. Its administrative area ranges in latitude from 37° 27' to 38° 47' N, and the longitude 113° 30' to 115° 20' E. The prefecture-level city reaches a 148 kilometres (92 mi) north–south extent and a 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide from east to west. The prefecture has borders stretching 760 kilometres (472 mi) long and covers an area of 15,722 square kilometres (6,070 sq mi). Bordering prefecture-level cities in Hebei are Hengshui (E), Xingtai (S), and Baoding (N/NE). To the west lies the province of Shanxi.

The city stands at the edge of the North China Plain, which rises to the Taihang Mountains to the west of the city, and lies south of the Hutuo River. From west to east, the topography can be summarised as moderately high mountains, then low-lying mountains, hills, basin, and finally plains. Out of the eight east–west routes across the Taihang Mountains, the fifth, the Niangzi Pass, connects the city directly with Taiyuan, Shanxi.

The mountainous part of the prefecture consists of parts of:

  • Jingxing Mining District
  • Jingxing County
  • Zanhuang County
  • Xingtang County
  • Lingshou County
  • Yuanshi County
  • Luquan District

The Hutuo River Basin in the east juts into:

  • Xinle City
  • Wuji County
  • Shenze County
  • Jinzhou City
  • Gaocheng District
  • Gaoyi County
  • Zhao County
  • Luancheng District
  • Zhengding County
  • The metropolitan area and its suburbs, in their entirety
  • All of the divisions mentioned in the above list, except for Jingxing Mining District

Climate

[edit]

The city has a continental, monsoon-influenced semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk / Dwa), characterised by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon, and generally cold, windy, very dry winters that reflect the influence of the Siberian anticyclone. Spring can see sandstorms blowing in from the Mongolian steppe, accompanied by rapidly warming, but generally dry, conditions. Autumn is similar to spring in temperature and lack of rainfall. January averages −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), while July averages 27.7 °C (81.9 °F); the annual mean is 14.3 °C (57.7 °F). With the monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 38 percent in July to 56 percent in May, the city receives 2,163 hours of sunshine annually. More than half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −26.5 °C (−15.7 °F) to 42.8 °C (109.0 °F).

Climate data for Shijiazhuang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4)
25.8
(78.4)
30.7
(87.3)
34.9
(94.8)
42.8
(109.0)
42.7
(108.9)
42.9
(109.2)
38.6
(101.5)
39.7
(103.5)
34.1
(93.4)
26.8
(80.2)
25.5
(77.9)
42.9
(109.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5)
7.8
(46.0)
14.8
(58.6)
21.9
(71.4)
27.7
(81.9)
32.2
(90.0)
32.5
(90.5)
30.7
(87.3)
27.0
(80.6)
20.6
(69.1)
11.7
(53.1)
5.1
(41.2)
19.6
(67.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.4
(29.5)
2.3
(36.1)
9.0
(48.2)
16.0
(60.8)
22.1
(71.8)
26.4
(79.5)
27.7
(81.9)
26.2
(79.2)
21.6
(70.9)
14.9
(58.8)
6.5
(43.7)
0.4
(32.7)
14.3
(57.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.2
(22.6)
−2.0
(28.4)
4.0
(39.2)
10.5
(50.9)
16.5
(61.7)
21.1
(70.0)
23.5
(74.3)
22.4
(72.3)
17.4
(63.3)
10.4
(50.7)
2.4
(36.3)
−3.1
(26.4)
9.8
(49.7)
Record low °C (°F) −26.5
(−15.7)
−19.8
(−3.6)
−17.3
(0.9)
−5.3
(22.5)
3.8
(38.8)
10.6
(51.1)
16.2
(61.2)
11.1
(52.0)
3.7
(38.7)
−2.4
(27.7)
−14.1
(6.6)
−18.7
(−1.7)
−26.5
(−15.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 3.8
(0.15)
6.0
(0.24)
10.3
(0.41)
25.5
(1.00)
37.3
(1.47)
58.4
(2.30)
141.4
(5.57)
139.4
(5.49)
59.0
(2.32)
28.4
(1.12)
16.8
(0.66)
4.2
(0.17)
530.5
(20.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.9 2.6 2.8 5.1 5.8 8.5 11.8 11.1 7.0 5.5 3.7 2.3 68.1
Average snowy days 3.2 2.7 1.3 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 2.6 11.6
Average relative humidity (%) 53 49 45 50 53 56 70 73 67 63 61 56 58
Mean monthly sunshine hours 136.1 152.4 194.8 222.7 246.7 209.1 169.6 180.9 183.5 176.3 151.9 138.8 2,162.8
Percent possible sunshine 44 50 52 56 56 47 38 43 50 51 51 47 49
Source: China Meteorological Administration[26][27][28]all-time extreme temperature[29]

Air quality

[edit]
A park in Shijiazhuang during a smoggy day

According to the National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and The Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Shijiazhuang was one of ten most air-polluted cities in the world. Also according to this report, 7 of 10 most air-polluted cities are in China, including Taiyuan, Beijing, Urumqi, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Jinan and Shijiazhuang.[30] As air pollution in China is at an all-time high, several northern cities are among the most polluted cities and have some of the worst air quality in China. Reporting on China's air quality has been accompanied by what seems like a monochromatic slideshow of the country's several cities smothered in thick smog. According to a survey made by "Global voices China" in February 2013, Shijiazhuang is among China's 10 most polluted cities along with other cities including major Chinese cities like Beijing and Zhengzhou, and 6 other prefectural cities all in Hebei.[31] These cities are all situated in traditional geographic subdivision of "Huabei (North China) Region".

In 2020, annual average PM2.5 Air Pollution in Shijiazhuang stood at 56 μg/m3, which is 11.2 times the World Health Organization PM2.5 Guideline (5 μg/m3: set in September, 2021).[32] These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the Life Expectancy of an average person living in Shijiazhuang by almost 5 years.[32]

A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on December 2, 2013, across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi),[33] including Shijiazhuang and surrounding areas. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region.[34] Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region.[35] Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO2) towards China's east coast.[36]

Current leaders

[edit]
Leaders of the Chinese Communist Party and state institutions in Shijiazhuang
Departments
Danghui
Danghui

Secretary of the
Shijiazhuang Municipal Committee of
the Chinese Communist Party

Director of the
Standing Committee of the
Shijiazhuang People's Congress

Mayor of Shijiazhuang
People's Government
Charter of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) logo
Charter of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) logo

Chairman of Shijiazhuang
Municipal Committee of the
Chinese People's Political
Consultative Conference
Name Zhang Chaochao[37] Li Xuerong[38] Ma Yujun[39] Zhang Ye[40]
Ethnic Group Han Han Manchu Han
Native place Shangcai County, Henan Zhangjiakou,Hebei Luanping County,Hebei Xinji,Hebei
Birth date December 1967 (age 56) June 1963 (age 61) June 1965 (age 59) August 1963 (age 61)
Date of
assumption of duty
April 2021 February 2021 January 2021 February 2021

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Shijiazhuang has direct administrative jurisdiction over:

Map
Name Chinese Pinyin Population (2010) Area (km2) Density (/km2)
City proper
Chang'an District 长安区 Cháng'ān Qū 560,643 110 4,362
Qiaoxi District 桥西区 Qiáoxī Qū 596,164 53 11,248
Xinhua District 新华区 Xīnhuá Qū 625,119 92 6,795
Yuhua District 裕华区 Yùhuá Qū 574,572 101 4,888
Luancheng District 栾城区 Luánchéng Qū 328,933 347 948
Gaocheng District 藁城区 Gàochéng Qū 775,110 836 927
Luquan District 鹿泉区 Lùquán Qū 432,936 603 718
Suburban
Jingxing Mining District 井陉矿区 Jǐngxíng Kuàngqū 95,170 56 1,699
Zhengding County 正定县 Zhèngdìng Xiàn 466,807 568 822
Satellite cities
Xinji City 辛集市 Xīnjí Shì 615,919 951 648
Jinzhou City 晋州市 Jìnzhōu Shì 537,679 619 868
Xinle City 新乐市 Xīnlè Shì 487,652 625 780
Rural
Jingxing County 井陉县 Jǐngxíng Xiàn 309,882 1,381 224
Xingtang County 行唐县 Xíngtáng Xiàn 406,353 1,025 396
Lingshou County 灵寿县 Língshòu Xiàn 333,558 1,546 216
Gaoyi County 高邑县 Gāoyì Xiàn 186,478 222 840
Shenze County 深泽县 Shēnzé Xiàn 250,264 296 845
Zanhuang County 赞皇县 Zànhuáng Xiàn 244,799 1,210 202
Wuji County 无极县 Wújí Xiàn 502,662 524 959
Pingshan County 平山县 Píngshān Xiàn 433,429 2,951 147
Yuanshi County 元氏县 Yuánshì Xiàn 418,466 849 493
Zhao County 赵县 Zhào Xiàn 571,077 714 800

Demographics

[edit]

Migrants flowing in from all across China largely contributed to the population growth of Shijiazhuang in recent times. With a population of 120,000 in 1947, Shijiazhuang became the first medium-large city captured by the Chinese Communist Party from the Kuomintang. By the time of the People's Republic of China's founding in 1949, the total urban population increased to more than 270,000 people, more than doubling in a span of two years. In 1953, when China rolled out its first five-year plan, the total population of Shijiazhuang's urban area increased to 320,000. In 1960, the total population of the Shijiazhuang urban area had reached 650,000. In 1968, the city experienced a substantial increase due to it being designated the capital of Hebei to avoid chaos in Baoding amidst the Cultural Revolution. By 1980, the urban population had surpassed the one million mark, joining the ranks of a large city. As of the end of 2017, the urban population of Shijiazhuang exceeded 4.5 million.[41]

In just six decades, the city's population has increased by more than 20 fold.[41] At the end of 2009, the city's total non-migrant population was 9,774,100, an increase of 109,300 over the previous year. The birth rate of the city's population is 14.65%, the death rate is 6.25%, and the natural growth rate is 8.4%.[42]

According to the sixth national census in 2010, the city's total non-migrant population stands at 10,163,788.[43] Compared with the fifth national census a decade prior, there was an increase of 818,365 people, or an increase of 8.76%, and an average annual growth rate of 0.84%. Among them, the male population stood at 5,087,913, accounting for 50.06% of the total population; the female population is 5,075,875, accounting for 49.94% of the total population. The gender ratio of the total population is 100 women per 100.24 men. The population aged between 0 and 14 is 1,548,125, accounting for 15.23% of the total population; the population aged between 15 and 64 is 7,789,753, accounting for 76.64% of the total population; the population aged 65 and over is 825,910, accounting for 8.13% of the total population.[43]

The top 10 surnames of Shijiazhuang are: Zhang (10.27%), Wang (9.25%), Li (9.17%), Liu (6.73%), Zhao (4.28%), Yang (2.82%), Gao (2.08%), Chen (1.92%), Ma (1.77%), and Guo (1.55%).[44]

On May 6, 2011, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences published the "2011 China Urban Competitiveness Blue Book: China Urban Competitiveness Report". In it, the happiness survey sampled 294 cities across China, arriving at the conclusion that the residents of Shijiazhuang were the happiest. This result caused strong doubts from netizens.[45]

Economy

[edit]

In 2014, the GDP of Shijiazhuang reached CN¥510.02 billion (about $80.45 billion in USD), an increase of 12 percent over the previous year, and placing the city 20th in provincial capitals by GDP.[46][47]

Shijiazhuang has become a major industrial city in North China and is considered to be the economic center of Hebei province, along with Tangshan. The city also located in Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Industrial Belt, which is one of the main Hi-Tech Belts in China. Nicknamed the "medicine hub of China", it is home to major pharmaceutical companies and factories like the North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang Pharma Group, and Shineway Pharma. The textile industry is also one of the backbones of the city's commerce.[citation needed] Other sectors include machinery and chemicals such as Shijiazhuang Donghua Jinlong, building materials, light industry, and electronics. With abundant agricultural resources, Shijiazhuang has 590,000 hectares [citation needed] of cultivated land and is the main source of cotton, pears, dates and walnuts in Hebei province.

In 2008, total imports reached US$1.393 billion, an increase of 42.1 percent over the previous year. Exports increased by 34.9 percent to US$5.596 billion. [citation needed]

2006 World Bank reported that Shijiazhuang was spending less than RMB400 per capita on education, as opposed to Beijing (RMB1,044) and Weihai (RMB1,631).[48]

Development zones

[edit]
  • Shijiazhuang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone

The zone was established in March 1991 as a state-level development zone and is divided into three districts. National highways 107, 207, 307, 308 pass through the zone. It is 15 km (9.3 mi) away from Shijiazhuang railway station, 105 km (65 mi) away from Tianjin Port. Industries include pharmaceuticals, electronic information, mechanical production, automobile manufacturing, chemicals production and logistics.[49]

The Eastern District, located in the eastern part of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of 5.8 km2 (2.2 sq mi), and serves as the primary section of the New High-tech Industrial Development Zone. The district focuses on the establishment of new high-tech enterprises. There are plans to expand the district into an area of 9.8 km2 (3.8 sq mi). [citation needed] A railway line operated by Shijiazhuang Oil Refinery runs through the zone from north to south, so enterprises in the zone can build lines of their own.

The Western District, located in the southwest of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of 8.2 km2 (3.2 sq mi). It focuses on small- and medium-sized technology enterprises and technology incubation. Liangcun District, which borders the Western District, covers 4 km2 (1.5 sq mi), and focuses on the pharmaceutical industry and the petrochemical industry. [citation needed]

By 2009, some 2,600 enterprises had settled in the zone, of which 185 were foreign-funded enterprises. Firms from Japan, the US, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Italy, Canada, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan had established themselves in the zone.[48]

Dairy

[edit]

The city is a center for the dairy trade, being the headquarters of the Sanlu Group. Sanlu became Shijiazhuang's largest taxpayer since it had become the largest formula seller in China for a continuous 15-year period. Richard McGregor, author of The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers, said that Sanlu became "an invaluable asset for a city otherwise struggling to attract industry and investment on a par with China's premier metropolises."[50]

Both the dairy trade and Sanlu were affected by the 2008 Chinese milk scandal. The chairman and general manager of Sanlu, and several party officials, including the vice-mayor in charge of food and agriculture, Zhang Fawang, were reportedly removed from office.[51][52][53] Mayor Ji Chuntang reportedly resigned on September 17, 2008.[54]

Transportation

[edit]

Expressways

[edit]

The city is served by many expressways, including the Shitai, Beijing–Shenzhen and TaiyuanCangzhou Expressways.

Railway

[edit]
Shijiazhuang railway station.

Shijiazhuang is a transportation hub at the intersection point of the Beijing–Guangzhou, TaiyuanDezhou, and ShuozhouHuanghua railways. The new Shijiazhuang railway station (opened December 2012) has a rare distinction of being served by both the "conventional" Beijing–Guangzhou Railway and the new Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong High-Speed Railway. Such an arrangement is fairly uncommon on China's high-speed rail network, as typically high-speed lines are constructed to bypass city cores, where the older "conventional" train stations are.[55]

In Shijiazhuang's case, to make it possible to bring the new high-speed railway into the central city, a 5 km (3.1 mi) long railway tunnel was constructed under the city. This is the first time a high-speed railway has been run under a Chinese city.[56][57]

There is also the smaller Shijiazhuang North railway station, used by trains going west toward Taiyuan without the need for passing though downtown.

Metro

[edit]

Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3 of the Shijiazhuang Metro are currently operational.[58] The system is 76.5 km (47.5 mi) in length.[58] The latest metro plan of Shijiazhuang includes 6 lines in total.[59]

Airport

[edit]

The Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport is the province's center of air transportation. It is about 30 kilometers northeast of the city. There are 32 domestic routes arriving at and departing from Shijiazhuang, including destinations such as Shanghai, Shenzhen and Dalian. The airport serves 12 international destinations including four routes to Russia. The airport is being expanded and will be capable of being an alternate airport to Beijing Capital International Airport.[48]

With the opening of the Beijing–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway at the end of 2012, the airport got its own train station, making available fast, although infrequent, train service between the airport and Shijiazhuang railway station, as well as other stations in the region.[60]

Cycling

[edit]

Most large roads in the city feature a separate cycle lane and, combined with the city being flat, make it ideal for cycling. Thousands of cyclists use the city each day and often there are more cyclists waiting at a crossroad than cars.

Military

[edit]

Shijiazhuang is headquarters of the 27th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the three group armies that comprise the Beijing Military Region responsible for defending China's capital.

Culture

[edit]

City centre

[edit]
Lerthai Shopping Complex in downtown

The city of Shijiazhuang is similar to Beijing in that all roads run from north to south and east to west, making the city easy to navigate. Many roads have cycle paths making it cyclist friendly. In the heart of the city is the Hebei Museum which was refurbished in 2013 and 2014. It holds regular events, mostly showing traditional Chinese art and artifacts. The Yutong International Sports Centre hosts the Shijiazhuang Ever Bright football matches as well as holding pop concerts.

Shijiazhuang Zoo is located on the west side of the city. The zoo has 3,000 animals of 250 species including flamingos, golden monkeys, manchurian tigers, Indian elephants, giraffes, chimpanzees, kangaroos, seals, white tigers, springboks and pandas. Near the Shijiazhuang Zoo are the Botanical Gardens (Chinese: 石家庄植物园), offering a range of exotic and native plants both to view and purchase. The Martyrs Memorial (烈士纪念馆) can be found in the centre of the city, commemorating the soldiers lost in war.

Main sights

[edit]
Nantianmen (南天门), the main entrance to Baodu Zhai.

Baodu Zhai (Chinese: 抱犊寨; pinyin: Bàodúzhài), or Baodu Village, is an ancient fortified hilltop settlement located on the west side of the city, the mountain contains walks and buddhist statues.[61][better source needed] Close to Baodu Zhai is Fenglong Mountain (封龙山) is situated 5 km (3.1 mi) outside of Shijiazhuang to the west, the mountain features walks and a large stone Buddha statue situated on top of the mountain. Mount Cangyan (苍岩山; Cāngyán Shān; 'Green Cliff Mountain') is a scenic area in Jingxing County, famous for its combination of natural mountain scenery with historical man-made structures. It was featured in a scene of the Chinese movie Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.

Mount Cangyan in 2007

The Longxing Temple (Chinese: 隆興寺; pinyin: Lóngxīng Sì) is an ancient Buddhist monastery located just outside the city. It has been referred to as the "First Temple south of Beijing". The Anji Bridge (also known as Zhaozhou Bridge) (安濟橋; Ānjì Qiáo; 'Safe crossing bridge') is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. Credited to the design of a craftsman named Li Chun, the bridge was constructed in the years 595–605 during the Sui dynasty (581–618). It is the oldest standing bridge in China. The Pagoda of Bailin Temple (從諗禪師舍利塔; Cóngshěn Chánshī Shělìtǎ or 趙州塔; Zhàozhōu Tǎ) is an octagonal-based brick Chinese pagoda built in 1330 during the reign of Emperor Wenzong, ruler of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368).

City parks

[edit]

The downtown area of the city contains a range of parks. The largest park is found in the centre of the city known as Chang'an Park (Chinese: 长安公园), the park includes an underground shopping mall, a theatre, a museum, a lake, bars and restaurants. Another park is found on the south east side of the city: Century Park (世纪公园), Century Park contains a lake in the centre with an amusement park to the north side. On the northwest side of the city is Water Park (水上公园) which features a large lake, amusement rides, short walks and various restaurants. As well as these three large parks there are smaller parks scattered across the city.

Shopping

[edit]

The largest mall in the city is the Wanda shopping mall, located in the southeast side of the city, along with the Lerthai Shopping Complex at the downtown, and Wondermall on the southwest side. The Wanda mall includes an IMAX theatre.

Food

[edit]

During the summer barbecue restaurants (Chinese: 烧烤) open, selling a whole range of foods, the most popular of which are lamb kebabs (羊肉串). Thousands of restaurants can be found across the city offering a range of Chinese as well as western cuisine open around the clock.

Cultural references

[edit]
Shijiazhuang international conference and exhibition center

The 2018 arthouse film An Elephant Sitting Still by Hu Bo was shot and set in Shijiazhuang.

Notable people

[edit]

Sports

[edit]

Shijiazhuang Gongfu F.C. (Chinese: 石家庄功夫; pinyin: Shíjiāzhuāng Gōngfu) is a Chinese football club based in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, which competes in the China League One. It plays in the 37,000-seat Yutong International Sports Centre.

Yutong International Sports Center (裕彤国际体育中心) is a multi-use stadium, used mostly for football matches. The capacity is 38,500.

Fumei Shijiazhuang FC is a Chinese futsal club, which competes in Futsal Premier league. Has best support in games in all Chinese futsal premier league. Current coach is Dejan Dedovic

Hospitals

[edit]
Norman Bethune
  • Hebei General Hospital[63]
  • The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City[64]
  • The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University[65]
  • Bethune International Peace Hospital[66] Chinese: 白求恩国际和平医院; pinyin: Báiqiú'ēn'Hépíng'Yīyuàn, namesake after Norman Bethune a Canadian thoracic surgeon who is honored for his humanitarian service in bringing modern medicine to rural China.

Education

[edit]

Universities and colleges

[edit]

Twin towns and sister cities

[edit]

Shijiazhuang's twin towns and sister cities[67] are:

Nagano, Nagano Prefecture, Japan (April 19, 1981)
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (May 31, 1985)
Des Moines, Iowa, United States (August 8, 1986)
Edison, New Jersey, United States (Date unknown)[68]
Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (September 22, 1987)
Corby, England, United Kingdom (October 5, 1994)
Ayagawa, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan (May 23, 1995)
Solofra, Avellino, Italy (August 17, 1997)
Cheonan, South Chungcheong, South Korea (August 26, 1997)
Querétaro City, Querétaro, Mexico (September 2, 1997)
Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada (July 9, 1998)
Falkenberg, Halland County, Sweden (August 6, 2002)
Nam Định, Nam Định Province, Vietnam (December 27, 2004)
Nagykanizsa, Zala County, Hungary (2007)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ /ˌʃiəˈwæŋ, ʃɜːr-/;[3] simplified Chinese: 石家庄; traditional Chinese: 石家莊; pinyin: Shíjiāzhuāng; Mandarin: [ʂɻ̩̌.tɕjá.ʈʂwáŋ]; formerly known as Shimen and romanized as Shihkiachwang

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "China: Hébĕi (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". Archived from the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  2. ^ 河北省统计局、国家统计局河北调查总队 (2016). 《河北经济年鉴-2018》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5356-7824-9. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  3. ^ "Shijiazhuang". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021.
  4. ^ "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions". PRC Central Government Official Website. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  5. ^ "Distance from Beijing to Shijiazhuang". DistanceFromTo. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  6. ^ 最新中国城市人口数量排名(根据2010年第六次人口普查) (in Simplified Chinese). www.elivecity.cn. 2012. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  7. ^ 500多万人口!石家庄从小村庄变特大城市,70年变化翻天覆地 (in Simplified Chinese). Sohu. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
  8. ^ "石家庄三年大变样_百度知道". Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  9. ^ 一大拨有关石家庄地名由来的争论汹涌而来. 燕赵都市报. February 20, 2014. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2020 – via Sina News.
  10. ^ "China Historical GIS". Harvard University and Fudan University. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  11. ^ 休门. Shijiazhuang People's Government. April 26, 2017. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  12. ^ 1947年“石门市”为什么改为“石家庄市”. Sohu. February 20, 2017. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  13. ^ 历史沿革. Shijiazhuang People's Government. July 9, 2019. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  14. ^ 石家庄是如何成为"国际庄"的?. 163.com news. December 20, 2018. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  15. ^ 庄里人. 小鸡词典. April 18, 2018. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  16. ^ Zhou, Zhenhe (1987). Xihan Zhengqu Dili. People's Press. pp. 92–93.
  17. ^ By Colonel Henry Yule, C.B., THE Book Ser Marco Polo, The Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East. Londom: John Murray, Albemarle street, 1875. p.7.
  18. ^ Kenneth Pomeranz (July 22, 2010), Musings on a Museum: A Trip to Xibaipo, archived from the original on July 25, 2010, retrieved August 7, 2010
  19. ^ 中国人民银行历史沿革. 中国人民银行. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  20. ^ a b 城市概况. Shijiazhuang People's Government. July 9, 2019. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  21. ^ Rosenthal, Elisabeth (March 28, 2001). "Beijing Publishes Detailed Account of Bombings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  22. ^ 石家庄市长邓沛然落马:一天前登党报头版,曾出书谈反腐倡廉. NetEase News. December 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  23. ^ "China hits city of 11 million with tight restrictions as more than 100 COVID cases discovered". CBS News. January 6, 2021. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  24. ^ "A year after Wuhan, China locks down another city of 11 million people to contain a coronavirus flare-up". CNN. January 8, 2021. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  25. ^ "Coronavirus in China: instant noodles a godsend for residents caught out by Shijiazhuang lockdown". South China Morning Post. January 8, 2021. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  26. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Chinese (China)). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  27. ^ "Experience Template" CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020) (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  28. ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集(1971-2000年) (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
  29. ^ "中国各地城市的历史最低气温". Retrieved September 14, 2024.
  30. ^ "Weather & Extreme Events: 7 of 10 Most Air-Polluted Cities Are in China". January 16, 2013. Imaginechina/Corbis. http://news.discovery.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2014. {{cite news}}: External link in |agency= (help)
  31. ^ Bildner, Eli (February 27, 2013). "Interactive Maps of China's Most–and Least–Polluted Places". Global Voices China. http://newsmotion.org. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2014. {{cite news}}: External link in |agency= (help)
  32. ^ a b "The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI)". AQLI. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  33. ^ "Smog Shrouds Eastern China". Earth Observatory. December 10, 2013. Archived from the original on March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  34. ^ "Smog and fog hit east, north China". Xinhua News Agency. December 6, 2013. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
  35. ^ 综合本报和新华社电. 三问今冬十面"霾"伏. People's Daily overseas edition. Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2014 – via Xinhua.
  36. ^ "Map: Shanghai's off the charts air pollution". Greenpeace. December 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  37. ^ "张超超-简历". 人民网地方领导资料库. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  38. ^ "石家庄人大常委会主任 李雪荣". 石家庄市人大网 (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  39. ^ "马宇骏-简历". 人民网-地方领导资料库 (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  40. ^ "政协领导-石家庄政协". 石家庄政协网 (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on March 11, 2022.
  41. ^ a b "燕赵晚报:石家庄-60年人口巨变与一座城市的崛起". Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  42. ^ "石家庄市政府:石家庄市人口状况". Archived from the original on December 2, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  43. ^ a b 石家庄市统计局. 《石家庄市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报》.
  44. ^ "燕赵都市报:一個石家庄有3406個"李娜"". Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  45. ^ "社科院城市幸福感排名榜单遭质疑 被指不符常识". May 7, 2012. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  46. ^ "26省会城市平均工资广州居首 11城超全国水平". Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  47. ^ 河北:石家庄市2011年GDP同比增长12.0%. www.chinacc.com (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
  48. ^ a b c "China Expat city Guide". China Expat. 2009. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  49. ^ "RightSite.asia – Shijiazhuang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone". rightsite.asia. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
  50. ^ McGregor, Richard (2012). The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-06-170876-3. Archived from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  51. ^ Klaudia Lee, "Tests find tainted baby milk at 21 more firms", Page A1, South China Morning Post (September 17, 2008)
  52. ^ Xinhua, "Officials, company manager sacked following baby milk powder scandal" Archived January 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, chinaview.cn (September 16, 2008)
  53. ^ Lee Spears, China Revokes `Inspection-Free' Right as Milk Scandal Spreads Archived March 16, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg, (September 17, 2008)
  54. ^ Death toll rises to four in tainted baby formula scandal in China Archived January 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Xinhua (September 18, 2008)
  55. ^ Hung, Wing-tat; Brunello, Lara; Bunker, Jonathan, Critical Issues of High Speed Rail Development in China (PDF), p. 4[permanent dead link]
  56. ^ Meyer, Anna-Maria; Frühauf, Johannes; Gao, Jinfa (2011), "Inner-city construction of a new high-speed railway line in China - Shijiazhuang City Tunnel and new Terminal as part of the Beijing-Shijiazhuang-Wuhan PDL", Geotechnik, 34 (4): 285–290, doi:10.1002/gete.201100014, S2CID 110414802, archived from the original on March 16, 2023, retrieved December 30, 2012
  57. ^ Chinese high speed: in the wake of Wenzhou Archived October 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, by Han Qiao, July 1, 2012
  58. ^ a b "3号线一期东段及二期工程今日开通运营!石家庄地铁首期建设顺利收官". April 6, 2021. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  59. ^ "石家庄同时启动4条线路可研总承包招标 招标公告全文(1号线三期和5号线一期、4号线和6号线一期)". January 22, 2020. Archived from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
  60. ^ 坐飞机报销火车票 航空业死磕高铁 [Air passengers can have their train tickets reimbursed: Air transportation industry's fight for survival]. guancha.cn. December 28, 2012. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  61. ^ "ChinaHotel article". Archived from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
  62. ^ "Table Tennis: SUN Yingsha". Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
  63. ^ "Hebei General Hospital". Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  64. ^ "China Expat city Guide". China Expat. 2009. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  65. ^ "the third hospital of hebei medical university". dun&bradstreet. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
  66. ^ "Bethune International Peace Hospital". Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  67. ^ 89.对外、对内缔结友好城市 (in Chinese (China)). Shijiazhuang People's Government. September 17, 2004. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  68. ^ "Position Paper on Sister State and Sister City Relations Between Australia and China" Archived March 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Australia-China Chamber of Commerce and Industry of New South Wales, dated November 14, 2001. Accessed August 30, 2015.
[edit]