Houston

Houston
Houston
City
	Downtown Houston Texas Medical Center Sam Houston Monument Uptown Houston Johnson Space Center Museum of Fine Arts
	Flag Seal
	Nickname(s): Space City (official), more ...
	Interactive map of Houston
	Houston Location in Texas Houston Location in the United States
	Coordinates: 29°45′46″N 95°22′59″W / 29.76278°N 95.38306°W
Country	United States
State	Texas
Counties	Harris, Fort Bend, Montgomery
Incorporated	June 5, 1837; 187 years ago
Named for	Sam Houston
Government
• Type	Strong Mayor-Council
• Body	Houston City Council
• Mayor	John Whitmire (D)
Area
• City	671.67 sq mi (1,740 km2)
• Land	640.44 sq mi (1,658.73 km2)
• Water	31.23 sq mi (80.89 km2)
Elevation	80 ft (32 m)
Population (2020)
• City	2,301,572
• Estimate (2023)	2,314,157
• Rank	6th in North America; 4th in the United States; 1st in Texas
• Density	3,598.43/sq mi (1,389.36/km2)
• Urban	5,853,575 (US: 5th)
• Urban density	3,339.8/sq mi (1,289.5/km2)
• Metro	7,122,240 (US: 5th)
Demonym	Houstonian
GDP
• Metro	$633.185 billion (2022)
Time zone	UTC−6 (CST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes	770xx, 772xx (P.O. Boxes)
Area codes	713, 281, 832, 346
FIPS code	48-35000
GNIS feature ID	1380948
Website	houstontx.gov

Houston (/ˈhjuːstən/ ^ⓘ; HEW-stən) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and in the Southern United States. Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, it is the seat of Harris County; as well as the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area, the fifth-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second-most populous in Texas after Dallas–Fort Worth. With a population of 2,314,157 in 2023,^[2] Houston is the fourth-most populous city in the United States after New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago, and the sixth-most populous city in North America. Houston is the southeast anchor of the greater megaregion known as the Texas Triangle.^[8]

Comprising a land area of 640.4 square miles (1,659 km²),^[9] Houston is the ninth-most expansive city in the United States (including consolidated city-counties). It is the largest city in the United States by total area whose government is not consolidated with a county, parish, or borough. Though primarily in Harris County, small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties, bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands.

Houston was founded by land investors on August 30, 1836,^[10] at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou (a point now known as Allen's Landing) and incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837.^[11]^[12] The city is named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas's independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles (40 km) east of Allen's Landing.^[12] After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s, Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century.^[13] The 20th century brought a convergence of economic factors that fueled rapid growth in Houston, including a burgeoning port and railroad industry, the decline of Galveston as Texas's primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane, the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel, and the Texas oil boom.^[13] In the mid-20th century, Houston's economy diversified, as it became home to the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, home to the Mission Control Center.

Since the late 19th century, Houston's economy has had a broad industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment, Houston has the second-most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits.^[14]^[15] The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled.^[16]

Nicknamed the "Bayou City", "Space City", "H-Town", and "the 713", Houston has become a global city, with strengths in culture, medicine, and research. The city's population comprises various ethnic and religious backgrounds, as well as a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse metropolitan area in Texas and has been described as the most racially and ethnically diverse major city in the U.S.^[17]^[18] It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits, such as the Houston Museum District and the Houston Theater District.^[19]

History

Present-day Houston sits on land that was once occupied by the Karankawa and the Atakapa indigenous peoples for at least 2,000 years before the first known settlers arrived.^[20]^[21]^[22] These tribes are almost nonexistent today; this was most likely caused by foreign disease, and competition with various settler groups in the 18th and 19th centuries.^[23] However, the land then remained largely uninhabited from the late 1700s until settlement in the 1830s.^[24]

Early settlement to the 20th century

The Allen brothers—Augustus Chapman and John Kirby—explored town sites on Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay. According to historian David McComb, "[T]he brothers, on August 26, 1836, bought from Elizabeth E. Parrott, wife of T.F.L. Parrott and widow of John Austin, the south half of the lower league [2,214-acre (896 ha) tract] granted to her by her late husband. They paid $5,000 total, but only $1,000 of this in cash; notes made up the remainder." This was financed by assets inherited by Augustus's wife, Charlotte Baldwin Allen. ^[25]

The Allen brothers ran their first advertisement for Houston just four days later in the Telegraph and Texas Register, naming the notional town in honor of Sam Houston, who would become President later that year.^[12] They successfully lobbied the Republic of Texas Congress to designate Houston as the temporary capital, agreeing to provide the new government with a state capitol building.^[26] About a dozen persons resided in the town at the beginning of 1837, but that number grew to about 1,500 by the time the Texas Congress convened in Houston for the first time that May.^[12] The Republic of Texas granted Houston incorporation on June 5, 1837, as James S. Holman became its first mayor.^[12] In the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County (now Harris County).^[27]

In 1839, the Republic of Texas relocated its capital to Austin. The town suffered another setback that year when a yellow fever epidemic claimed about one life for every eight residents, yet it persisted as a commercial center, forming a symbiosis with its Gulf Coast port, Galveston. Landlocked farmers brought their produce to Houston, using Buffalo Bayou to gain access to Galveston and the Gulf of Mexico. Houston merchants profited from selling staples to farmers and shipping the farmers' produce to Galveston.^[12]

The great majority of enslaved people in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but slave dealers were in Houston. Thousands of enslaved black people lived near the city before the American Civil War. Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations,^[28] while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs.^[29]

In 1840, the community established a chamber of commerce, in part to promote shipping and navigation at the newly created port on Buffalo Bayou.^[30]

By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton.^[27] Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for Confederate Major General John B. Magruder, who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston.^[31] After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between Downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the railroad center of Texas.^[32]

In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating hurricane, efforts to make Houston into a viable deep-water port were accelerated.^[33] The following year, the discovery of oil at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry.^[34] In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt approved a $1 million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910, the city's population had reached 78,800, almost doubling from a decade before. African Americans formed a large part of the city's population, numbering 23,929 people, which was nearly one-third of Houston's residents.^[35]

President Woodrow Wilson opened the deep-water Port of Houston in 1914, seven years after digging began. By 1930, Houston had become Texas's most populous city and Harris County the most populous county.^[36] In 1940, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Houston's population as 77.5% White and 22.4% black.^[37]

World War II to the late 20th century

When World War II started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products by the defense industry during the war.^[38] Ellington Field, initially built during World War I, was revitalized as an advanced training center for bombardiers and navigators.^[39] The Brown Shipbuilding Company was founded in 1942 to build ships for the U.S. Navy during World War II. Due to the boom in defense jobs, thousands of new workers migrated to the city, both black, and white people competing for the higher-paying jobs. President Roosevelt had established a policy of nondiscrimination for defense contractors, and black people gained some opportunities, especially in shipbuilding, although not without resistance from white people and increasing social tensions that erupted into occasional violence. Economic gains of black people who entered defense industries continued in the postwar years.^[40]

In 1945, the M.D. Anderson Foundation formed the Texas Medical Center. After the war, Houston's economy reverted to being primarily port-driven. In 1948, the city annexed several unincorporated areas, more than doubling its size. Houston proper began to spread across the region.^[12]^[41] In 1950, the availability of air conditioning provided impetus for many companies to relocate to Houston, where wages were lower than those in the North; this resulted in an economic boom and produced a key shift in the city's economy toward the energy sector.^[42]^[43]

The increased production of the expanded shipbuilding industry during World War II spurred Houston's growth,^[44] as did the establishment in 1961 of NASA's "Manned Spacecraft Center" (renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973). This was the stimulus for the development of the city's aerospace industry. The Astrodome, nicknamed the "Eighth Wonder of the World",^[45] opened in 1965 as the world's first indoor domed sports stadium.

During the late 1970s, Houston had a population boom as people from the Rust Belt states moved to Texas in large numbers.^[46] The new residents came for numerous employment opportunities in the petroleum industry, created as a result of the Arab oil embargo. With the increase in professional jobs, Houston has become a destination for many college-educated persons, most recently including African Americans in a reverse Great Migration from northern areas.

In 1997, Houstonians elected Lee P. Brown as the city's first African American mayor.^[47]

Early 21st century

Population

Houston has continued to grow into the 21st century, with the population increasing 15.7% from 2000 to 2022.^[48]

Oil and gas

Oil and gas have continued to fuel Houston's economic growth, with major oil companies including Phillips 66, ConocoPhillips, Occidental Petroleum, Halliburton, and ExxonMobil having their headquarters in the Houston area. In 2001, Enron Corporation, a Houston company with $100 billion in revenue, became engulfed in an accounting scandal which bankrupted the company in 2001.^[49]

Healthcare

Healthcare has emerged as a major industry in Houston. The Texas Medical Center is now the largest medical complex in the world and employs over 120,000 people.^[50]

Sports

Three new sports stadiums opened downtown in the first decade of the 21st century. In 2000, the Houston Astros opened their new baseball stadium, Minute Maid Park, in downtown adjacent to the old Union Station. The Houston Texans were formed in 2002 as an NFL expansion team, replacing the Houston Oilers, which had left the city in 1996. NRG Stadium opened the same year. In 2003, the Toyota Center opened as the home for the Houston Rockets. In 2005, the Houston Dynamo soccer team was formed. In 2017, the Houston Astros won their first World Series.

Flooding

Flooding has been a recurring problem in the Houston area. In June 2001, Tropical Storm Allison dumped up to 40 inches (1,000 mm) of rain on parts of Houston, causing what was then the worst flooding in the city's history and billions of dollars in damage, and killed 20 people in Texas.^[51] In August 2005, Houston became a shelter to more than 150,000 people from New Orleans, who evacuated from Hurricane Katrina.^[52] One month later, about 2.5 million Houston-area residents evacuated when Hurricane Rita approached the Gulf Coast, leaving little damage to the Houston area. This was the largest urban evacuation in the history of the United States.^[53]^[54] In May 2015, seven people died after 12 inches of rain fell in 10 hours during what is known as the Memorial Day Flood. Eight people died in April 2016 during a storm that dropped 17 inches of rain.^[55] The worst came in late August 2017, when Hurricane Harvey stalled over southeastern Texas, much like Tropical Storm Allison did sixteen years earlier, causing severe flooding in the Houston area, with some areas receiving over 50 inches (1,300 mm) of rain.^[56] The rainfall exceeded 50 inches in several areas locally, breaking the national record for rainfall. The damage for the Houston area was estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars,^[57] and was considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States,^[58] with the death toll exceeding 70 people. Houston's lack of zoning laws allowed unregulated building of residential homes and other structures in flood-prone areas.^[59] However, it also resulted in more concentrated development in already urban areas than in wetlands and suburbs.^[60] Mayor Sylvester Turner tweeted of Hurricane Harvey that "zoning wouldn't have changed anything. We would have been a city with zoning that flooded."^[61]

2024 Houston derecho

On May 16, 2024, a strong derecho caused widespread damage across the city and surrounding metropolitan area.^[62]^[63]^[64]

Geography

Houston is 165 miles (266 km) east of Austin,^[65] 88 miles (142 km) west of the Louisiana border,^[66] and 250 miles (400 km) south of Dallas.^[67] The city has a total area of 637.4 square miles (1,651 km²);^[9] this comprises over 599.59 square miles (1,552.9 km²) of land and 22.3 square miles (58 km²) covered by water.^[68] Most of Houston is on the gulf coastal plain, and its vegetation is classified as Western Gulf coastal grasslands while further north, it transitions into a subtropical jungle, the Big Thicket.

Much of the city was built on forested land, marshes, or swamps, and all are still visible in surrounding areas.^[69] Flat terrain and extensive greenfield development have combined to worsen flooding.^[70] Downtown stands about 50 feet (15 m) above sea level,^[71] and the highest point in far northwest Houston is about 150 feet (46 m) in elevation.^[72] The city once relied on groundwater for its needs, but land subsidence forced the city to turn to ground-level water sources such as Lake Houston, Lake Conroe, and Lake Livingston.^[12]^[73] The city owns surface water rights for 1.20 billion US gallons (4.5 Gl) of water a day in addition to 150 million US gallons (570 Ml) a day of groundwater.^[74]

Houston has four major bayous passing through the city that accept water from the extensive drainage system. Buffalo Bayou runs through Downtown and the Houston Ship Channel, and has three tributaries: White Oak Bayou, which runs through the Houston Heights community northwest of Downtown and then towards Downtown; Brays Bayou, which runs along the Texas Medical Center;^[75] and Sims Bayou, which runs through the south of Houston and Downtown Houston. The ship channel continues past Galveston and then into the Gulf of Mexico.^[38]

Geology

Houston is a flat, marshy area where an extensive drainage system has been built. The adjoining prairie land drains into the city, which is prone to flooding.^[76] Underpinning Houston's land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep. The region's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine matter, that over time, transformed into oil and natural gas. Beneath the layers of sediment is a water-deposited layer of halite, a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into salt dome formations, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands. The thick, rich, sometimes black, surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow.^[77]^[78]

The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km),^[79]^[80]^[81] including the Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves.^[82] These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed "fault creep",^[73] which further reduces the risk of an earthquake.

Cityscape

The city of Houston was incorporated in 1837 and adopted a ward system of representation shortly afterward, in 1840.^[83] The six original wards of Houston are the progenitors of the 11 modern-day geographically oriented Houston City Council districts, though the city abandoned the ward system in 1905 in favor of a commission government, and, later, the existing mayor–council government.

Intersection of Bagby and McGowen streets in western Midtown, 2016

Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the Interstate 610 loop. The "Inner Loop" encompasses a 97-square-mile (250 km²) area which includes Downtown, pre–World War II residential neighborhoods and streetcar suburbs, and newer high-density apartment and townhouse developments.^[84] Outside the loop, the city's typology is more suburban, though many major business districts—such as Uptown, Westchase, and the Energy Corridor—lie well outside the urban core. In addition to Interstate 610, two additional loop highways encircle the city: Beltway 8, with a radius of approximately 10 miles (16 km) from Downtown, and State Highway 99 (the Grand Parkway), with a radius of 25 miles (40 km). Approximately 470,000 people lived within the Interstate 610 loop, while 1.65 million lived between Interstate 610 and Beltway 8 and 2.25 million lived within Harris County outside Beltway 8 in 2015.^[85]

Though Houston is the largest city in the United States without formal zoning regulations, it has developed similarly to other Sun Belt cities because the city's land use regulations and legal covenants have played a similar role.^[86]^[87] Regulations include mandatory lot size for single-family houses and requirements that parking be available to tenants and customers. In 1998, Houston relaxed its mandatory lot sizes from 5,000 square feet to 3,500 square feet, which spurred housing construction in the city dramatically.^[88]

Such restrictions have had mixed results. Though some have blamed the city's low density, urban sprawl, and lack of pedestrian-friendliness on these policies, others have credited the city's land use patterns with providing significant affordable housing, sparing Houston the worst effects of the 2008 real estate crisis. The city issued 42,697 building permits in 2008 and was ranked first in the list of healthiest housing markets for 2009.^[89] In 2019, home sales reached a new record of $30 billion.^[90]

In referendums in 1948, 1962, and 1993, voters rejected efforts to establish separate residential and commercial land-use districts. Consequently, rather than a single central business district as the center of the city's employment, multiple districts and skylines have grown throughout the city in addition to Downtown, which include Uptown, the Texas Medical Center, Midtown, Greenway Plaza, Memorial City, the Energy Corridor, Westchase, and Greenspoint.^[91]

Downtown Houston skyline just after sunset

Uptown Houston skyline in 2013

Texas Medical Center skyline in 2019

Architecture

Houston had the fifth-tallest skyline in North America (after New York City, Chicago, Toronto and Miami) and 36th-tallest in the world in 2015.^[92] A seven-mile (11 km) system of tunnels and skywalks links Downtown buildings containing shops and restaurants, enabling pedestrians to avoid summer heat and rain while walking between buildings. In the 1960s, Downtown Houston consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures. Downtown was on the threshold of an energy industry–led boom in 1970. A succession of skyscrapers was built throughout the 1970s—many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines—culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 1,002-foot (305 m)-tall JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas, 19th tallest building in the United States, and was previously 85th-tallest skyscraper in the world, based on highest architectural feature. In 1983, the 71-floor, 992-foot (302 m)-tall Wells Fargo Plaza (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, becoming the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on highest architectural feature, it is the 21st-tallest in the United States. In 2007, Downtown had over 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m²) of office space.^[93]

Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of midrise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along I-610 West. Uptown became one of the most prominent instances of an edge city. The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor, 901-foot (275 m)-tall, Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world's tallest skyscraper outside a central business district. The new 20-story Skanska building^[94] and BBVA Compass Plaza^[95] are the newest office buildings built in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is also home to buildings designed by noted architects I. M. Pei, César Pelli, and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a mini-boom of midrise and highrise residential tower construction occurred, with several over 30 stories tall.^[96]^[97]^[98] Since 2000 over 30 skyscrapers have been developed in Houston; all told, 72 high-rises tower over the city, which adds up to about 8,300 units.^[99] In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m²) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m²) of class A office space.^[100]

The Niels Esperson Building stood as the tallest building in Houston from 1927 to 1929.
The JPMorgan Chase Tower is the tallest building in Texas and the tallest 5-sided building in the world.
The Williams Tower is the tallest building in the US outside a central business district.
The Bank of America Center by Philip Johnson is an example of postmodern architecture.

Climate

Houston's climate is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification system), typical of the Southern United States. While not in Tornado Alley, like much of Northern Texas, spring supercell thunderstorms sometimes bring tornadoes to the area.^[101] Prevailing winds are from the south and southeast during most of the year, which bring heat and tropical moisture from the nearby Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay.^[102]

During the summer, temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 106.5 days per year, including a majority of days from June to September. Additionally, an average of 4.6 days per year reach or exceed 100 °F (37.8 °C).^[103] Houston's characteristic subtropical humidity often results in a higher apparent temperature, and summer mornings average over 90% relative humidity.^[104] Air conditioning is ubiquitous in Houston; in 1981, annual spending on electricity for interior cooling exceeded $600 million (equivalent to $2.01 billion in 2023), and by the late 1990s, approximately 90% of Houston homes featured air conditioning systems.^[105]^[106] The record highest temperature recorded in Houston is 109 °F (43 °C) at Bush Intercontinental Airport, on four occasions: September 4, 2000; August 27, 2011; and August 24 and August 27, 2023.^[103]

Houston has mild winters, with occasional cold spells. In January, the normal mean temperature at George Bush Intercontinental Airport is 53 °F (12 °C), with an average of 13 days per year with a low at or below 32 °F (0 °C), occurring on average between December 3 and February 20, allowing for a growing season of 286 days.^[103] Twenty-first century snow events in Houston include a storm on December 24, 2004, which saw 1 inch (3 cm) of snow accumulate in parts of the metro area,^[107] and an event on December 7, 2017, which precipitated 0.7 inches (2 cm) of snowfall.^[108]^[109] Snowfalls of at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) on both December 10, 2008, and December 4, 2009, marked the first time measurable snowfall had occurred in two consecutive years in the city's recorded history. Overall, Houston has seen measurable snowfall 38 times between 1895 and 2018. On February 14 and 15, 1895, Houston received 20 inches (51 cm) of snow, its largest snowfall from one storm on record.^[110] The coldest temperature officially recorded in Houston was 5 °F (−15 °C) on January 18, 1930.^[103] The last time Houston saw single digit temperatures was on December 23, 1989. The temperature dropped to 7 °F (−14 °C) at Bush Airport, marking the coldest temperature ever recorded there. 1.7 inches of snow fell at George Bush Intercontinental Airport the previous day.^[111]

Houston generally receives ample rainfall, averaging about 49.8 in (1,260 mm) annually based on records between 1981 and 2010. Many parts of the city have a high risk of localized flooding due to flat topography,^[112] ubiquitous low-permeability clay-silt prairie soils,^[113] and inadequate infrastructure.^[112] During the mid-2010s, Greater Houston experienced consecutive major flood events in 2015 ("Memorial Day"),^[114] 2016 ("Tax Day"),^[115] and 2017 (Hurricane Harvey).^[116] Overall, there have been more casualties and property loss from floods in Houston than in any other locality in the United States.^[117] The majority of rainfall occurs between April and October (the wet season of Southeast Texas), when the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico evaporates extensively over the city.^[114]^[117]

Houston has excessive ozone levels and is routinely ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.^[118] Ground-level ozone, or smog, is Houston's predominant air pollution problem, with the American Lung Association rating the metropolitan area's ozone level twelfth on the "Most Polluted Cities by Ozone" in 2017, after major cities such as Los Angeles, Phoenix, New York City, and Denver.^[119] The industries along the ship channel are a major cause of the city's air pollution.^[120] The rankings are in terms of peak-based standards, focusing strictly on the worst days of the year; the average ozone levels in Houston are lower than what is seen in most other areas of the country, as dominant winds ensure clean, marine air from the Gulf.^[121] Excessive man-made emissions in the Houston area led to a persistent increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide over the city. Such an increase, often regarded as "CO₂ urban dome", is driven by a combination of strong emissions and stagnant atmospheric conditions. Moreover, Houston is the only metropolitan area with less than ten million citizens where such a CO₂ dome can be detected by satellites.^[122]

Climate data for Houston (Intercontinental Airport), 1991–2020 normals,^[a] extremes 1888–present^[b]
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	85 (29)	91 (33)	96 (36)	95 (35)	99 (37)	107 (42)	105 (41)	109 (43)	109 (43)	99 (37)	89 (32)	85 (29)	109 (43)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	78.9 (26.1)	81.2 (27.3)	85.4 (29.7)	88.6 (31.4)	93.8 (34.3)	97.8 (36.6)	99.1 (37.3)	101.2 (38.4)	97.3 (36.3)	92.2 (33.4)	84.9 (29.4)	80.7 (27.1)	102.1 (38.9)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	63.8 (17.7)	67.8 (19.9)	74.0 (23.3)	80.1 (26.7)	86.9 (30.5)	92.3 (33.5)	94.5 (34.7)	94.9 (34.9)	90.4 (32.4)	82.8 (28.2)	72.6 (22.6)	65.3 (18.5)	80.5 (26.9)
Daily mean °F (°C)	53.8 (12.1)	57.7 (14.3)	63.8 (17.7)	70.0 (21.1)	77.4 (25.2)	83.0 (28.3)	85.1 (29.5)	85.2 (29.6)	80.5 (26.9)	71.8 (22.1)	62.0 (16.7)	55.4 (13.0)	70.5 (21.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	43.7 (6.5)	47.6 (8.7)	53.6 (12.0)	59.8 (15.4)	67.8 (19.9)	73.7 (23.2)	75.7 (24.3)	75.4 (24.1)	70.6 (21.4)	60.9 (16.1)	51.5 (10.8)	45.6 (7.6)	60.5 (15.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	27.5 (−2.5)	31.6 (−0.2)	35.0 (1.7)	43.4 (6.3)	53.8 (12.1)	66.5 (19.2)	70.5 (21.4)	70.0 (21.1)	58.3 (14.6)	44.1 (6.7)	34.2 (1.2)	30.0 (−1.1)	26.0 (−3.3)
Record low °F (°C)	5 (−15)	6 (−14)	21 (−6)	31 (−1)	42 (6)	52 (11)	62 (17)	54 (12)	45 (7)	29 (−2)	19 (−7)	7 (−14)	5 (−15)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.76 (96)	2.97 (75)	3.47 (88)	3.95 (100)	5.01 (127)	6.00 (152)	3.77 (96)	4.84 (123)	4.71 (120)	5.46 (139)	3.87 (98)	4.03 (102)	51.84 (1,317)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.1 (0.25)	0.1 (0.25)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	10.0	8.8	8.8	7.3	8.6	10.0	9.1	8.5	8.4	7.7	7.6	9.6	104.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1
Average relative humidity (%)	74.7	73.4	72.7	73.1	75.0	74.6	74.4	75.1	76.8	75.4	76.0	75.5	74.7
Average dew point °F (°C)	41.5 (5.3)	44.2 (6.8)	51.3 (10.7)	57.7 (14.3)	65.1 (18.4)	70.3 (21.3)	72.1 (22.3)	72.0 (22.2)	68.5 (20.3)	59.5 (15.3)	51.4 (10.8)	44.8 (7.1)	58.2 (14.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	143.4	155.0	192.5	209.8	249.2	281.3	293.9	270.5	236.5	228.8	168.3	148.7	2,577.9
Percent possible sunshine	44	50	52	54	59	67	68	66	64	64	53	47	58
Average ultraviolet index	3.5	5.0	7.1	8.6	9.6	10.3	9.9	9.5	8.1	5.9	4.0	3.2	7.0
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and dew point 1969–1990, sun 1961–1990)^[103]^[124]^[125]
Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)^[126]

Climate data for Houston (William P. Hobby Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1930–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	92 (33)	93 (34)	96 (36)	94 (34)	100 (38)	105 (41)	104 (40)	109 (43)	108 (42)	98 (37)	95 (35)	94 (34)	109 (43)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	78.2 (25.7)	80.6 (27.0)	84.3 (29.1)	87.8 (31.0)	92.5 (33.6)	96.4 (35.8)	98.1 (36.7)	99.3 (37.4)	96.1 (35.6)	91.4 (33.0)	84.7 (29.3)	80.5 (26.9)	100.2 (37.9)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	63.8 (17.7)	67.6 (19.8)	73.4 (23.0)	79.3 (26.3)	85.9 (29.9)	91.0 (32.8)	92.9 (33.8)	93.5 (34.2)	89.3 (31.8)	82.1 (27.8)	72.6 (22.6)	65.7 (18.7)	79.8 (26.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)	55.0 (12.8)	58.9 (14.9)	64.7 (18.2)	70.6 (21.4)	77.6 (25.3)	83.0 (28.3)	84.8 (29.3)	85.1 (29.5)	81.1 (27.3)	73.0 (22.8)	63.3 (17.4)	56.9 (13.8)	71.2 (21.8)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	46.1 (7.8)	50.1 (10.1)	55.9 (13.3)	61.8 (16.6)	69.3 (20.7)	74.9 (23.8)	76.6 (24.8)	76.7 (24.8)	72.9 (22.7)	63.9 (17.7)	54.0 (12.2)	48.0 (8.9)	62.5 (16.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	30.5 (−0.8)	34.5 (1.4)	38.7 (3.7)	46.5 (8.1)	57.2 (14.0)	68.7 (20.4)	72.3 (22.4)	72.0 (22.2)	62.2 (16.8)	47.2 (8.4)	36.8 (2.7)	32.8 (0.4)	28.4 (−2.0)
Record low °F (°C)	10 (−12)	14 (−10)	22 (−6)	36 (2)	44 (7)	56 (13)	64 (18)	66 (19)	50 (10)	33 (1)	25 (−4)	9 (−13)	9 (−13)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	4.09 (104)	2.85 (72)	3.28 (83)	4.08 (104)	5.42 (138)	6.09 (155)	4.59 (117)	5.44 (138)	5.76 (146)	5.78 (147)	3.90 (99)	4.34 (110)	55.62 (1,413)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	10.2	8.9	8.3	8.0	7.7	10.4	9.2	9.6	9.8	7.2	8.4	9.5	107.2
Source 1: NOAA^[127]
Source 2: National Weather Service^[128]

Because of Houston's wet season and proximity to the Gulf Coast, the city is prone to flooding from heavy rains; the most notable flooding events include Tropical Storm Allison in 2001 and Hurricane Harvey in 2017, along with most recent Tropical Storm Imelda in 2019 and Tropical Storm Beta in 2020. In response to Hurricane Harvey, Mayor Sylvester Turner of Houston initiated plans to require developers to build homes that will be less susceptible to flooding by raising them two feet above the 500-year floodplain. Hurricane Harvey damaged hundreds of thousands of homes and dumped trillions of gallons of water into the city.^[129] In places this led to feet of standing water that blocked streets and flooded homes. The Houston City Council passed this regulation in 2018 with a vote of 9–7. Had these floodplain development rules had been in place all along, it is estimated that 84% of homes in the 100-year and 500-year floodplains would have been spared damage.^{[dubious – discuss]}^[129]

In a recent case testing these regulations, near the Brickhouse Gulley, an old golf course that long served as a floodplain and reservoir for floodwaters, announced a change of heart toward intensifying development.^[130] A nationwide developer, Meritage Homes, bought the land and planned to develop the 500-year floodplain into 900 new residential homes. Their plan would bring in $360 million in revenue and boost city population and tax revenue. In order to meet the new floodplain regulations, the developers needed to elevate the lowest floors two feet above the 500-year floodplain, equivalent to five or six feet above the 100-year base flood elevation, and build a channel to direct stormwater runoff toward detention basins. Before Hurricane Harvey, the city had bought $10.7 million in houses in this area specifically to take them out of danger. In addition to developing new streets and single-family housing within a floodplain, a flowing flood-water stream termed a floodway runs through the development area, a most dangerous place to encounter during any future flooding event.^[131] Under Texas law Harris County, like other more rural Texas counties, cannot direct developers where to build or not build via land use controls such as a zoning ordinance, and instead can only impose general floodplain regulations for enforcement during subdivision approvals and building permit approvals.^[131]

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1850	2,396		—
1860	4,845		102.2%
1870	9,382		93.6%
1880	16,513		76.0%
1890	27,557		66.9%
1900	44,633		62.0%
1910	78,800		76.6%
1920	138,276		75.5%
1930	292,352		111.4%
1940	384,514		31.5%
1950	596,163		55.0%
1960	938,219		57.4%
1970	1,232,802		31.4%
1980	1,595,138		29.4%
1990	1,630,553		2.2%
2000	1,953,631		19.8%
2010	2,099,451		7.5%
2020	2,301,572		9.6%
2023 (est.)	2,314,157	^[132]	0.5%
U.S. Decennial Census 2010–2020^[2]

The 2020 U.S. census determined Houston had a population of 2,304,580.^[2] In 2017, the census-estimated population was 2,312,717, and in 2018 it was 2,325,502.^[2] An estimated 600,000 undocumented immigrants resided in the Houston area in 2017,^[133] comprising nearly 9% of the city's metropolitan population.^[134] At the 2010 United States census, Houston had a population of 2,100,263 residents,^[135] up from the city's 2,396 at the 1850 census.

Per the 2019 American Community Survey, Houston's age distribution was 482,402 under 15; 144,196 aged 15 to 19; 594,477 aged 20 to 34; 591,561 aged 35 to 54; 402,804 aged 55 to 74; and 101,357 aged 75 and older. The median age of the city was 33.4.^[136] At the 2014-2018 census estimates, Houston's age distribution was 486,083 under 15; 147,710 aged 15 to 19; 603,586 aged 20 to 34; 726,877 aged 35 to 59; and 357,834 aged 60 and older.^[137] The median age was 33.1, up from 32.9 in 2017 and down from 33.5 in 2014; the city's youthfulness has been attributed to an influx of an African American New Great Migration, Hispanic and Latino American, and Asian immigrants into Texas.^[138]^[139]^[140] For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males.^[137]

There were 987,158 housing units in 2019 and 876,504 households.^[136]^[141] An estimated 42.3% of Houstonians owned housing units, with an average of 2.65 people per household.^[142] The median monthly owner costs with a mortgage were $1,646, and $536 without a mortgage. Houston's median gross rent from 2015 to 2019 was $1,041. The median household income in 2019 was $52,338 and 20.1% of Houstonians lived at or below the poverty line.

Race and ethnicity

Historical racial and ethnic composition	2020^[143]	2010^[144]	2000^[145]	1990^[37]	1970^[37]
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	47.0%	43.8%	37.4%	27.6%	11.3%^[146]
Whites (Non-Hispanic)	21.8%	25.6%^[147]	30.8%^[148]	40.6%	62.4%^[146]
Black or African American	24.9%	25.1%	25.3%	28.1%	25.7%
Asian	7.1%	6.0%	5.3%	4.1%	0.4%

Houston is a majority-minority city. The Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research, a think tank, has described Greater Houston as "one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse metropolitan areas in the country".^[149] Houston's diversity, historically fueled by large waves of Hispanic and Latino Americans, and Asian immigrants, has been attributed to its relatively lower cost of living compared to most major cities, strong job market, and role as a hub for refugee resettlement.^[150]^[151]

Houston has long been known as a popular destination for African Americans due to the city's well-established and influential African American community. Houston has become known as a black mecca akin to Atlanta because it is a major living destination for black professionals and entrepreneurs.^[152] The Houston area is home to the largest African American community in Texas and west of the Mississippi River.^[153]^[154]^[155] A 2012 Kinder Institute report found that, based on the evenness of population distribution between the four major racial groups in the United States (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic or Latino, and Asian), Greater Houston was the most ethnically diverse metropolitan area in the United States, ahead of New York City.^[156]

In 2019, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, non-Hispanic whites made up 23.3% of the population of Houston proper, Hispanics and Latino Americans 45.8%, blacks or African Americans 22.4%, and Asian Americans 6.5%.^[136] In 2018, non-Hispanic whites made up 20.7% of the population, Hispanics or Latino Americans 44.9%, blacks or African Americans 30.3%, and Asian Americans 8.2%.^[137] The largest Hispanic or Latino American ethnic groups in the city were Mexican Americans (31.6%), Puerto Ricans (0.8%), and Cuban Americans (0.8%) in 2018.^[137]

As documented, Houston has a higher proportion of minorities than non-Hispanic whites; in 2010, whites (including Hispanic whites) made up 57.6% of the city of Houston's population; 24.6% of the total population was non-Hispanic white.^[157] Blacks or African Americans made up 22.5% of Houston's population, American Indians made up 0.3% of the population, Asians made up 6.9% (1.7% Vietnamese, 1.3% Chinese, 1.3% Indian, 0.9% Pakistani, 0.4% Filipino, 0.3% Korean, 0.1% Japanese) and Pacific Islanders made up 0.1%. Individuals from some other race made up 15.69% of the city's population.^[144] Individuals from two or more races made up 2.1% of the city.^[157]

At the 2000 U.S. census, the racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White, 25.3% black or African American, 5.3% Asian, 0.7% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from some other race, and 3.1% from two or more races. In addition, Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 37.4% of Houston's population in 2000, while non-Hispanic whites made up 30.8%.^[158] The proportion of non-Hispanic whites in Houston has decreased significantly since 1970, when it was 62.4%.^[37]

Sexual orientation and gender identity

Houston is home to one of the largest LGBT communities and pride parades in the United States.^[159]^[160]^[161] In 2018, the city scored a 70 out of 100 for LGBT friendliness.^[162] Jordan Blum of the Houston Chronicle stated levels of LGBT acceptance and discrimination varied in 2016 due to some of the region's traditionally conservative culture.^[163]

Before the 1970s, the city's gay bars were spread around Downtown Houston and what is now midtown Houston. LGBT Houstonians needed to have a place to socialize after the closing of the gay bars. They began going to Art Wren, a 24-hour restaurant in Montrose. LGBT community members were attracted to Montrose as a neighborhood after encountering it while patronizing Art Wren, and they began to gentrify the neighborhood and assist its native inhabitants with property maintenance. Within Montrose, new gay bars began to open.^[164] By 1985, the flavor and politics of the neighborhood were heavily influenced by the LGBT community, and in 1990, according to Hill, 19% of Montrose residents identified as LGBT. Paul Broussard was murdered in Montrose in 1991.^[165]

Before the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States the marriage of Billie Ert and Antonio Molina, considered the first same-sex marriage in Texas history, took place on October 5, 1972.^[166] Houston elected the first openly lesbian mayor of a major city in 2009, and she served until 2016.^[166]^[167] During her tenure she authorized the Houston Equal Rights Ordinance which was intended to improve anti-discrimination coverage based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the city, specifically in areas such as housing and occupation where no anti-discrimination policy existed.^[168]

Religion

Religious affiliation (2020)

Christian			72%
Protestant			40%
Catholic			29%
Other Christian			3%
Unaffiliated			21%
Muslim			2%
Jewish			1%
Buddhist			1%
Hindu			0.5%
Other faiths			1.5%

Houston and its metropolitan area are the third-most religious and Christian area by percentage of population in the United States, and second in Texas behind the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.^[169]^[170] Historically, Houston has been a center of Protestant Christianity, being part of the Bible Belt.^[171] Other Christian groups including Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Christianity, and non-Christian religions did not grow for much of the city's history because immigration was predominantly from Western Europe (which at the time was dominated by Western Christianity and favored by the quotas in federal immigration law). The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 removed the quotas, allowing for the growth of other religions.^[172]

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 73% of the population of the Houston area identified themselves as Christians, about 50% of whom claimed Protestant affiliations and about 19% claimed Roman Catholic affiliations. Nationwide, about 71% of respondents identified as Christians. About 20% of Houston-area residents claimed no religious affiliation, compared to about 23% nationwide.^[173] The same study says area residents who identify with other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively made up about 7% of the area population.^[173]

In 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute estimated 40% were Protestant and 29% Catholic; overall, Christianity represented 72% of the population.^[174] In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives determined the Catholic Church numbered 1,299,901 for the metropolitan area; the second-largest single Christian denomination (Southern Baptists) numbered 800,688; following, non-denominational Protestant churches represented the third-largest Christian cohort at 666,548.^[175] Altogether, however, Baptists of the Southern Baptist Convention, the American Baptist Association, American Baptist Churches USA, Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship, National Baptist Convention USA and National Baptist Convention of America, and the National Missionary Baptist Convention numbered 926,554. Non-denominational Protestants, the Disciples of Christ, Christian Churches and Churches of Christ, and the Churches of Christ numbered 723,603 altogether according to this study.

Lakewood Church in Houston, led by Pastor Joel Osteen, is the largest church in the United States. A megachurch, it had 44,800 weekly attendees in 2010, up from 11,000 weekly in 2000.^[176] Since 2005, it has occupied the former Compaq Center sports stadium. In September 2010, Outreach magazine published a list of the 100 largest Christian churches in the United States, and on the list were the following Houston-area churches: Lakewood, Second Baptist Church Houston, Woodlands Church, Church Without Walls, and First Baptist Church.^[176] According to the list, Houston and Dallas were tied as the second-most popular city for megachurches.^[176]

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, the largest Catholic jurisdiction in Texas and fifth-largest in the United States, was established in 1847.^[177] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston claimed approximately 1.7 million Catholics within its boundaries as of 2019.^[177] Its co-cathedral is located within the Houston city limits, while the diocesan see is in Galveston. Other prominent Catholic jurisdictions include the Eastern Catholic Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church as well as the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, whose cathedral is also in Houston.^[178]

Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church

A variety of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches can be found in Houston. Immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Ethiopia, India, and other areas have added to Houston's Eastern and Oriental Orthodox population. As of 2011 in the entire state, 32,000 people actively attended Orthodox churches.^[179] In 2013 Father John Whiteford, the pastor of St. Jonah Orthodox Church near Spring, stated there were about 6,000-9,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians in Houston.^[180] The Association of Religion Data Archives numbered 16,526 Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Houstonians in 2020.^[175] The most prominent Eastern and Oriental Orthodox jurisdictions are the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America,^[181] the Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America,^[182] the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,^[183] and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.^[184]

Houston's Jewish community, estimated at 47,000 in 2001, has been present in the city since the 1800s. Houstonian Jews have origins from throughout the United States, Israel, Mexico, Russia, and other places. As of 2016, over 40 synagogues were in Greater Houston.^[172] The largest synagogues are Congregation Beth Yeshurun, a Conservative Jewish temple, and the Reform Jewish congregations Beth Israel and Emanu-El. According to a study in 2016 by Berman Jewish DataBank, 51,000 Jews lived in the area, an increase of 4,000 since 2001.^[185]

Houston has a large and diverse Muslim community; it is the largest in Texas and the Southern United States, as of 2012.^[186] It is estimated that Muslims made up 1.2% of Houston's population.^[186] As of 2016, Muslims in the Houston area included South Asians, Middle Easterners, Africans, Turks, and Indonesians, as well as a growing population of Latino Muslim converts. In 2000 there were over 41 mosques and storefront religious centers, with the largest being the Al-Noor Mosque (Mosque of Light) of the Islamic Society of Greater Houston.^[187]

The Hindu, Sikh, and Buddhist communities form a growing sector of the religious demographic after Judaism and Islam. Large Hindu temples in the metropolitan area include the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston, affiliated with the Swaminarayan Sampradaya denomination in Fort Bend County, near the suburb of Stafford as well as the South Indian-style Sri Meenakshi Temple in suburban Pearland, in Brazoria County, which is the oldest Hindu temple in Texas and third-oldest Hindu temple in the United States.^[188]^[189]^[190]

Of the irreligious community 16% practiced nothing in particular, 3% were agnostic, and 2% were atheist in 2014.^[169]

Economy

Rank	Company
Fortune 500 companies based in Houston^[191]
27	Phillips 66
56	Sysco
93	ConocoPhillips
98	Plains GP Holdings
101	Enterprise Products Partners
129	Baker Hughes
142	Halliburton
148	Occidental Petroleum
186	EOG Resources
207	Waste Management
242	Kinder Morgan
260	CenterPoint Energy
261	Quanta Services
264	Group 1 Automotive
319	Calpine
329	Cheniere Energy
365	Targa Resources
374	NOV Inc.
391	Westlake Chemical
465	APA Corporation
496	Crown Castle
501	KBR
Companies in the petroleum industry

Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry—particularly for oil and natural gas—as well as for biomedical research and aeronautics. Renewable energy sources—wind and solar—are also growing economic bases in the city,^[192]^[193] and the City Government purchases 90% of its annual 1 TWh power mostly from wind, and some from solar.^[194]^[195] Since the 2020s Houston has become a growing hub for technology startup firms and is the fastest growing sector of the city's economy.^[196] Major technology and software companies within Greater Houston include Crown Castle, KBR, FlightAware, Cybersoft, Houston Wire & Cable, and HostGator. Aylo, Go Daddy, and ByteDance have offices in the Houston area. On April 4, 2022, Hewlett Packard Enterprise relocated its global headquarters from California to the Greater Houston area.^[197] The Houston Ship Channel is also a large part of Houston's economic base.

Because of these strengths, Houston is designated as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network and global management consulting firm A.T. Kearney.^[15] The Houston area is the top U.S. market for exports, surpassing New York City in 2013, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration. In 2012, the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land area recorded $110.3 billion in merchandise exports.^[198] Petroleum products, chemicals, and oil and gas extraction equipment accounted for roughly two-thirds of the metropolitan area's exports last year. The top three destinations for exports were Mexico, Canada, and Brazil.^[199]

The Houston area is a leading center for building oilfield equipment.^[200] Much of its success as a petrochemical complex is due to its busy ship channel, the Port of Houston.^[201] In the United States, the port ranks first in international commerce and 16th among the largest ports in the world.^[202] Unlike most places, high oil and gasoline prices are beneficial for Houston's economy, as many of its residents are employed in the energy industry.^[203] Houston is the beginning or end point of numerous oil, gas, and products pipelines.^[204]

The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metro area's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022 was $633 billion, making it the seventh-largest of any metropolitan area in the United States and larger than Iran's, Colombia's, or the United Arab Emirates' GDP.^[205] Only 27 countries other than the United States have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston's regional gross area product (GAP).^[206] In 2010, mining (which consists almost entirely of exploration and production of oil and gas in Houston) accounted for 26.3% of Houston's GAP up sharply in response to high energy prices and a decreased worldwide surplus of oil production capacity, followed by engineering services, health services, and manufacturing.^[207]

The University of Houston System's annual impact on the Houston area's economy equates to that of a major corporation: $1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area, $3.13 billion in total economic benefit, and 24,000 local jobs generated.^[208]^[209] This is in addition to the 12,500 new graduates the U.H. System produces every year who enter the workforce in Houston and throughout Texas. These degree-holders tend to stay in Houston. After five years, 80.5% of graduates are still living and working in the region.^[209]

Ninety-one foreign governments have established consular offices in Houston's metropolitan area, the third-highest in the nation.^[210] Forty foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices here with 23 active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations.^[211] Twenty-five foreign banks representing 13 nations operate in Houston, providing financial assistance to the international community.^[212]

In 2013, Houston was identified as the number one U.S. city for job creation by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics after it was not only the first major city to regain all the jobs lost in the preceding economic downturn, but also after the crash, more than two jobs were added for every one lost. Economist and vice president of research at the Greater Houston Partnership Patrick Jankowski attributed Houston's success to the ability of the region's real estate and energy industries to learn from historical mistakes. Furthermore, Jankowski stated that "more than 100 foreign-owned companies relocated, expanded or started new businesses in Houston" between 2008 and 2010, and this openness to external business boosted job creation during a period when domestic demand was problematically low.^[213]

Culture

The annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo held inside the NRG Stadium, 2006

Located in the American South, Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community.^[214] The Greater Houston metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United States–Mexico border since 2009.^[215] Additionally, more than one in five foreign-born residents are from Asia.^[215] The city is home to the nation's third-largest concentration of consular offices, representing 92 countries.^[216]

Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest-running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from early to late March, and is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world.^[217] Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Gay Pride Parade, held at the end of June.^[218] Other notable annual events include the Houston Greek Festival,^[219] Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival,^[220] and the Bayou City Art Festival, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States.^[221]^[222]

Houston is highly regarded for its diverse food and restaurant culture.^[223] Houston received the official nickname of "Space City" in 1967 because it is the location of NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Other nicknames often used by locals include "Bayou City", "Clutch City", "Crush City", "Magnolia City", "H-Town", and "Culinary Capital of the South".^[224]^[225]^[226]

Arts and theater

The Houston Theater District, in Downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls. It is the second-largest concentration of theater seats in a Downtown area in the United States.^[227]^[228]^[229]

Houston is one of the few United States cities with permanent, professional, resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines: opera (Houston Grand Opera), ballet (Houston Ballet), music (Houston Symphony Orchestra), and theater (The Alley Theatre, Theatre Under the Stars).^[19]^[230] Houston is also home to folk artists, art groups and various small progressive arts organizations.^[231]

Houston attracts many touring Broadway acts, concerts, shows, and exhibitions for a variety of interests.^[232] Facilities in the Theater District include the Jones Hall—home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts—and the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts.

The Museum District's cultural institutions and exhibits attract more than 7 million visitors a year.^[233]^[234] Notable facilities include The Museum of Fine Arts, the Houston Museum of Natural Science, the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, the Station Museum of Contemporary Art, the Holocaust Museum Houston, the Children's Museum of Houston, and the Houston Zoo.^[235]^[236]^[237]

Located near the Museum District are The Menil Collection, Rothko Chapel, the Moody Center for the Arts and the Byzantine Fresco Chapel Museum.

Bayou Bend is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) facility of the Museum of Fine Arts that houses one of America's most prominent collections of decorative art, paintings, and furniture. Bayou Bend is the former home of Houston philanthropist Ima Hogg.^[238]

The National Museum of Funeral History is in Houston near the George Bush Intercontinental Airport. The museum houses the original Popemobile used by Pope John Paul II in the 1980s along with numerous hearses, embalming displays, and information on famous funerals.

Venues across Houston regularly host local and touring rock, blues, country, dubstep, and Tejano musical acts. While Houston has never been widely known for its music scene,^[239] Houston hip hop has become a significant, independent music scene that is influential nationwide. Houston is the birthplace of the chopped and screwed remixing-technique in hip-hop which was pioneered by DJ Screw from the city. Some other notable hip-hop artists from the area include Destiny's Child, Don Toliver, Slim Thug, Paul Wall, Mike Jones, Bun B, Geto Boys, Trae tha Truth, Kirko Bangz, Z-Ro, South Park Mexican, Travis Scott and Megan Thee Stallion.^[240]

Tourism and recreation

The Theater District is a 17-block area in the center of Downtown Houston that is home to the Bayou Place entertainment complex, restaurants, movies, plazas, and parks. Bayou Place is a large multilevel building containing full-service restaurants, bars, live music, billiards, and Sundance Cinema. The Bayou Music Center stages live concerts, stage plays, and stand-up comedy.

Space Center Houston is the official visitors' center of NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. The Space Center has many interactive exhibits including Moon rocks, a Space Shuttle simulator, and presentations about the history of NASA's crewed space flight program. Other tourist attractions include the Galleria (Texas's largest shopping mall, in the Uptown District), Old Market Square, the Downtown Aquarium, and Sam Houston Race Park.

Houston's current Chinatown and the Mahatma Gandhi District are two major ethnic enclaves, reflecting Houston's multicultural makeup. Restaurants, bakeries, traditional-clothing boutiques, and specialty shops can be found in both areas.

Houston is home to 337 parks, including Hermann Park, Terry Hershey Park, Lake Houston Park, Memorial Park, Tranquility Park, Sesquicentennial Park, Discovery Green, Buffalo Bayou Park and Sam Houston Park. Within Hermann Park are the Houston Zoo and the Houston Museum of Natural Science. Sam Houston Park contains restored and reconstructed homes which were originally built between 1823 and 1905.^[241]

Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities, Houston has the largest total area of parks and green space, 56,405 acres (228 km²).^[242] The city also has over 200 additional green spaces—totaling over 19,600 acres (79 km²) that are managed by the city—including the Houston Arboretum and Nature Center. The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark is a public skatepark owned and operated by the city of Houston, and is one of the largest skateparks in Texas consisting of a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m²)in-ground facility.

The Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park in the Uptown District of the city serves as a popular tourist attraction and for weddings and various celebrations. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the United States.^[243]

Sports

Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the National Hockey League. The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball expansion team formed in 1962 (known as the "Colt .45s" until 1965) that have won the World Series in 2017 and 2022 and appeared in it in 2005, 2019, and 2021. It is the only MLB team to have won pennants in both modern leagues.^[244] The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association franchise based in the city since 1971. They have won two NBA Championships, one in 1994 and another in 1995, under star players Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, and Kenny Smith.^[245] The Houston Texans are a National Football League expansion team formed in 2002. The Houston Dynamo is a Major League Soccer franchise that has been based in Houston since 2006, winning two MLS Cup titles in 2006 and 2007. The Houston Dash team plays in the National Women's Soccer League, who won their first title in 2020.^[246]^[247] The Houston SaberCats are a rugby team that plays in Major League Rugby.^[248] The Houston Roughnecks are a future UFL team starting operations in 2024. They were previously in the XFL before it was announced they were moving to the UFL in 2024.

NRG Stadium is the home of the Houston Texans.

Minute Maid Park (home of the Astros) and Toyota Center (home of the Rockets), are in Downtown Houston. Houston has the NFL's first retractable-roof stadium with natural grass, NRG Stadium (home of the Texans).^[249] Minute Maid Park is also a retractable-roof stadium. Toyota Center also has the largest screen for an indoor arena in the United States built to coincide with the arena's hosting of the 2013 NBA All-Star Game.^[250] Shell Energy Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium for the Houston Dynamo, the Texas Southern Tigers football team, and Houston Dash, in East Downtown. Aveva Stadium (home of the SaberCats) is in south Houston. In addition, NRG Astrodome was the first indoor stadium in the world, built in 1965.^[251] Other sports facilities include Hofheinz Pavilion (Houston Cougars basketball), Rice Stadium (Rice Owls football), and NRG Arena. TDECU Stadium is where the University of Houston's Cougars football team plays.^[252]

Houston has hosted several major sports events: the 1968, 1986 and 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Games; the 1989, 2006 and 2013 NBA All-Star Games; Super Bowl VIII, Super Bowl XXXVIII, and Super Bowl LI, as well as hosting the 1981, 1986, 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals, winning the latter two, and hosting the 2005 World Series, 2017 World Series, 2019 World Series, 2021 World Series and 2022 World Series. The city won its first baseball championship during the 2017 event and won again 5 years later. NRG Stadium hosted Super Bowl LI on February 5, 2017.^[253] Houston will host multiple matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

The city has hosted several major professional and college sporting events, including the annual Houston Open golf tournament. Houston hosts the annual Houston College Classic baseball tournament every February, and the Texas Kickoff and Bowl in September and December, respectively.^[254]

The Grand Prix of Houston, an annual auto race on the IndyCar Series circuit was held on a 1.7-mile temporary street circuit in NRG Park. The October 2013 event was held using a tweaked version of the 2006–2007 course.^[255] The event had a five-year race contract through 2017 with IndyCar.^[256] In motorcycling, the Astrodome hosted an AMA Supercross Championship round from 1974 to 2003 and the NRG Stadium since 2003.

Houston is also one of the first cities in the world to have a major esports team represent it, in the form of the Houston Outlaws. The Outlaws play in the Overwatch League and are one of two Texan teams, the other being the Dallas Fuel.

Government

The city of Houston has a strong mayoral form of municipal government.^[257] Houston is a home rule city and all municipal elections in Texas are nonpartisan.^[257]^[258] The city's elected officials are the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council.^[259] The current mayor of Houston is John Whitmire, a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot. Houston's mayor serves as the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative, and is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing all laws and ordinances are enforced.^[260]

The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979.^[261] At-large council members represent the entire city.^[259] Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added.^[262] The city of Houston's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections.

The city controller is elected independently of the mayor and council. The controller's duties are to certify available funds prior to committing such funds and processing disbursements. The city's fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30. Chris Brown is the city controller, serving his first term as of January 2016^[update].

As the result of a 2015 referendum in Houston, a mayor is elected for a four-year term and can be elected to as many as two consecutive terms.^[263] The term limits were spearheaded in 1991 by conservative political activist Clymer Wright.^[264] During 1991–2015, the city controller and city council members were subjected to a two-year, three-term limitation–the 2015 referendum amended term limits to two four-year terms. As of 2017^[update] some councilmembers who served two terms and won a final term will have served eight years in office, whereas a freshman councilmember who won a position in 2013 can serve up to two additional terms under the previous term limit law–a select few will have at least 10 years of incumbency once their term expires.

Houston is considered to be a politically divided city whose balance of power often sways between Republicans and Democrats. According to the 2005 Houston Area Survey, 68 percent of non-Hispanic whites in Harris County are declared or favor Republicans while 89 percent of non-Hispanic blacks in the area are declared or favor Democrats. About 62 percent of Hispanics (of any nationality) in the area are declared or favor Democrats.^[265] The city has often been known to be the most politically diverse city in Texas, a state known for being generally conservative.^[265] As a result, the city is often a contested area in statewide elections.^[265] In 2009, Houston became the first U.S. city with a population over 1 million citizens to elect a gay mayor, by electing Annise Parker.^[266]

Texas has banned sanctuary cities,^[267] but Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner said Houston will not assist ICE agents with immigration raids.^[268]

Crime

Houston's crime rate is one of the top three in Texas and notably higher than the national average.^[269]^[270] Houston's murder rate jumped significantly since 2020. In 2021, nearly 500 people were murdered in the city which was almost double the murdered count in 2019.^[271] Rising gang activity is blamed for the increased crime rates in the city.^[272] Houston leaders are continually discussing and implementing strategies to combat crime in the city.^[273]^[274]

Houston is a significant hub for trafficking of cocaine, cannabis, heroin, MDMA, and methamphetamine due to its size and proximity to major illegal drug exporting nations.^[275]

In the early 1970s, Houston, Pasadena and several coastal towns were the site of the Houston mass murders, which at the time were the deadliest case of serial killing in American history.^[276]^[277]

In 1853, the first execution in Houston took place in public at Founder's Cemetery in the Fourth Ward; initially, the cemetery was the execution site, but post-1868 executions took place in the jail facilities.^[278] In 2023, the city of Houston made enforcement of an anti-food sharing ordinance a priority. This has resulted in volunteers receiving over 80 tickets, and a federal lawsuit to be filed against the city of Houston.^[279]^[280]^[281]^[282]^[283]

Education

The first Hattie Mae White Administration Building; it has been sold and demolished.

Nineteen school districts exist within the city of Houston. The Houston Independent School District (HISD) is the seventh-largest school district in the United States and the largest in Texas.^[284] HISD has over 100 campuses that serve as magnet or vanguard schools—specializing in such disciplines as health professions, visual and performing arts, and the sciences. There are also many charter schools that are run separately from school districts. In addition, some public school districts also have their own charter schools.

The Houston area encompasses more than 300 private schools,^[285]^[286]^[287] many of which are accredited by Texas Private School Accreditation Commission recognized agencies. The Greater Houston metropolitan area's independent schools offer education from a variety of different religious as well as secular viewpoints.^[288] The Greater Houston area's Catholic schools are operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston.

Colleges and universities

Houston has four state universities. The University of Houston (UH) is a research university and the flagship institution of the University of Houston System.^[289]^[290]^[291] The third-largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 44,000 students on its 667-acre (270-hectare) campus in the Third Ward.^[292] The University of Houston–Clear Lake and the University of Houston–Downtown are stand-alone universities within the University of Houston System; they are not branch campuses of the University of Houston. Slightly west of the University of Houston is Texas Southern University (TSU), one of the largest historically black universities in the United States with approximately 10,000 students. Texas Southern University is the first state university in Houston, founded in 1927.^[293]

Several private institutions of higher learning are within the city. Rice University, the most selective university in Texas and one of the most selective in the United States,^[294] is a private, secular institution with a high level of research activity.^[295] Founded in 1912, Rice's historic, heavily wooded 300-acre (120-hectare) campus, adjacent to Hermann Park and the Texas Medical Center, hosts approximately 4,000 undergraduate and 3,000 post-graduate students. To the north in Neartown, the University of St. Thomas, founded in 1947, is Houston's only Catholic university. St. Thomas provides a liberal arts curriculum for roughly 3,000 students at its historic 19-block campus along Montrose Boulevard. In southwest Houston, Houston Christian University (formerly Houston Baptist University), founded in 1960, offers bachelor's and graduate degrees at its Sharpstown campus. The school is affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas and has a student population of approximately 3,000.

Three community college districts have campuses in and around Houston. The Houston Community College System (HCC) serves most of Houston proper; its main campus and headquarters are in Midtown. Suburban northern and western parts of the metropolitan area are served by various campuses of the Lone Star College System, while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by San Jacinto College, and a northeastern portion is served by Lee College.^[296] The Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems are among the 10 largest institutions of higher learning in the United States.

Houston also hosts a number of graduate schools in law and healthcare. The University of Houston Law Center and Thurgood Marshall School of Law at Texas Southern University are public, ABA-accredited law schools, while the South Texas College of Law, in Downtown, serves as a private, independent alternative. The Texas Medical Center is home to a high density of health professions schools, including two medical schools: McGovern Medical School, part of The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, and Baylor College of Medicine, a highly selective private institution. Prairie View A&M University's nursing school is in the Texas Medical Center. Additionally, both Texas Southern University and the University of Houston have pharmacy schools, and the University of Houston hosts a medical school and a college of optometry.

Texas Southern University, in the Third Ward, is the first public institution of higher education in Houston and the most comprehensive HBCU in Texas.^[297]^[298]
The University of Houston–Downtown, in Downtown, is the second-largest institution of higher education in Houston.^[299]
The University of Houston, in the Third Ward, is a public research university and the third-largest institution of higher education in Texas.^[300]
Rice University, near the Museum District and Texas Medical Center, is the most selective private institution in Texas.^[301]

Media

The current *Houston Chronicle* headquarters, formerly the *Houston Post* headquarters

The primary network-affiliated television stations are KPRC-TV channel 2 (NBC), KHOU channel 11 (CBS), KTRK-TV channel 13 (ABC), KTXH channel 20 (MyNetworkTV), KRIV channel 26 (Fox), KIAH channel 39 (The CW), KXLN-DT channel 45 (Univision), KTMD-TV channel 47 (Telemundo), KPXB-TV channel 49 (Ion Television), KYAZ channel 51 (MeTV) and KFTH-DT channel 67 (UniMás). KTRK-TV, KTXH, KRIV, KIAH, KXLN-DT, KTMD-TV, KPXB-TV, KYAZ and KFTH-DT operate as owned-and-operated stations of their networks.^[302]

The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area is served by one public television station and two public radio stations. KUHT channel 8 (Houston Public Media) is a PBS member station and is the first public television station in the United States. Houston Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises one NPR member station, KUHF (News 88.7). The University of Houston System owns and holds broadcasting licenses to KUHT and KUHF. The stations broadcast from the Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting on the campus of the University of Houston. Houston additionally is served by the Pacifica Foundation public radio station KPFT. Commercial radio stations include KKBQ (92.9 FM), KILT (610 AM), KILT-FM (100.3 FM), KKHH (95.7 FM), KTRH (740 AM), KROI (92.1 FM), KODA (99.1 FM), KMJQ (102.1 FM), and KBXX (97.9 FM).

Houston and its metropolitan area are served by the Houston Chronicle, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. Hearst Communications, which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the Houston Post—its long-time rival and main competition—when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby of Houston. The only other major publication to serve the city is the Houston Press—which was a free alternative weekly newspaper before the destruction caused by Hurricane Harvey resulted in the publication switching to an online-only format on November 2, 2017.^[303] Other notable publications include Houston Forward Times, OutSmart, and La Voz de Houston. Houston Forward Times is one of the largest black-owned newspapers in the metropolitan area and owned by Forward Times Publishing Company.^[304] La Voz de Houston is the Houston Chronicle's Spanish-language newspaper and the largest in the area.

Infrastructure

Healthcare

Houston is the seat of the Texas Medical Center, which is the largest medical center in the world,^[305] and which describes itself as containing the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions.^[306] All 49 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations. They provide patient and preventive care, research, education, and local, national, and international community well-being. Employing more than 73,600 people, institutions at the medical center include 13 hospitals and two specialty institutions, two medical schools, four nursing schools, and schools of dentistry, public health, pharmacy, and virtually all health-related careers. It is where one of the first—and still the largest—air emergency service, Life Flight, was created, and an inter-institutional transplant program was developed.^{[citation needed]} Around 2007, more heart surgeries were performed at the Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world.^[307]

Some of the academic and research health institutions at the center include MD Anderson Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital, and University of Houston College of Pharmacy.

The Menninger Clinic, a psychiatric treatment center, is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and the Houston Methodist Hospital System.^[308] With hospital locations nationwide and headquarters in Houston, the Triumph Healthcare hospital system was the third largest long term acute care provider nationally in 2005.^[309]

Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District), the hospital district for Harris County, operates public hospitals (Ben Taub General Hospital and Lyndon B. Johnson Hospital) and public clinics. The City of Houston Health Department also operates four clinics.^[310] As of 2011^[update] the dental centers of Harris Health System take patients of ages 16 and up with patients under that age referred to the City of Houston's dental clinics.^[311] Montgomery County Hospital District (MCHD) serves as the hospital district for Houstonians living in Montgomery County. Fort Bend County, in which a portion of Houston resides, does not have a hospital district. OakBend Medical Center serves as the county's charity hospital which the county contracts with.^[312]

Transportation

Houston is considered an automobile-dependent city, with an estimated 77.2% of commuters driving alone to work in 2016,^[313] up from 71.7% in 1990^[314] and 75.6% in 2009.^[315] In 2016, another 11.4% of Houstonians carpooled to work, while 3.6% used public transit, 2.1% walked, and 0.5% bicycled.^[313] A commuting study estimated the median length of commute in the region was 12.2 miles (19.6 km) in 2012.^[316] According to the 2013 American Community Survey, the average work commute in Houston (city) takes 26.3 minutes.^[317] A 1999 Murdoch University study found Houston had both the lengthiest commute and lowest urban density of 13 large American cities surveyed.^[318] Harris County is one of the largest consumers of gasoline in the United States, ranking second (behind Los Angeles County) in 2013.^[319]

Despite the region's high rate of automobile usage, attitudes towards transportation among Houstonians indicate a growing preference for walkability. A 2017 study by the Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research found 56% of Harris County residents have a preference for dense housing in a mixed-use, walkable setting as opposed to single-family housing in a low-density area.^[320] A plurality of survey respondents also indicated traffic congestion was the most significant problem facing the metropolitan area.^[320] In addition, many households in the city of Houston have no car. In 2015, 8.3 percent of Houston households lacked a car, which was virtually unchanged in 2016 (8.1 percent). The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Houston averaged 1.59 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.^[321]

Roadways

The eight-county Greater Houston metropolitan area contains over 25,000 miles (40,000 km) of roadway, of which 10%, or approximately 2,500 miles (4,000 km), is limited-access highway.^[322] The Houston region's extensive freeway system handles over 40% of the regional daily vehicle miles traveled (VMT).^[322] Arterial roads handle an additional 40% of daily VMT, while toll roads, of which Greater Houston has 180 miles (290 km), handle nearly 10%.^[322]

Greater Houston possesses a hub-and-spoke limited-access highway system, in which a number of freeways radiate outward from Downtown, with ring roads providing connections between these radial highways at intermediate distances from the city center. The city is crossed by three Interstate highways, I-10, I-45, and I-69 (commonly known as US 59), as well as a number of other United States routes and state highways. Major freeways in Greater Houston are often referred to by either the cardinal direction or geographic location they travel towards. Highways that follow the cardinal convention include US 290 (Northwest Freeway), I-45 north of Downtown (North Freeway), I-10 east of Downtown (East Freeway), SH 288 (South Freeway), and I-69 south of Downtown (Southwest Freeway). Highways that follow the location convention include Interstate 10 west of Downtown (Katy Freeway), Interstate 69 north of Downtown (Eastex Freeway), I-45 south of Downtown (Gulf Freeway), and SH 225 (Pasadena Freeway). ^{[citation needed]}

Three loop freeways provide north–south and east–west connectivity between Greater Houston's radial highways. The innermost loop is I-610, commonly known as the Inner Loop, which encircles Downtown, the Texas Medical Center, Greenway Plaza, the cities of West University Place and Southside Place, and many core neighborhoods. The 88-mile (142 km) Beltway 8, often referred to as the Beltway, forms the middle loop at a radius of roughly 10 miles (16 km). A third, 180-mile (290 km) loop with a radius of approximately 25 miles (40 km), SH 99 (the Grand Parkway), is currently under construction, with eight of eleven segments completed as of 2018^[update].^[323] Completed segments D through I-2 provide a continuous 123-mile (198 km) limited-access tollway connection between Sugar Land, Richmond, Katy, Cypress, Spring, Porter, New Caney, Cleveland, Dayton, Mont Belvieu, and Baytown .^[323]

A system of toll roads, operated by the Harris County Toll Road Authority and Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority, provides additional options for regional commuters. The Sam Houston Tollway, which encompasses the mainlanes of Beltway 8 (as opposed to the frontage roads, which are untolled), is the longest tollway in the system, covering the entirety of the Beltway with the exception of a free section between I-45 and I-69 near George Bush Intercontinental Airport. The region is serviced by four spoke tollways: a set of managed lanes on the Katy Freeway; the Hardy Toll Road, which parallels I-45 north of Downtown up to Spring; the Westpark Tollway, which services Houston's western suburbs out to Fulshear; and Fort Bend Parkway, which connects to Sienna Plantation. Westpark Tollway and Fort Bend Parkway are operated conjunctly with the Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority.

Greater Houston's freeway system is monitored by Houston TranStar, a partnership of four government agencies which is responsible for providing transportation and emergency management services to the region.^[324]

Greater Houston's arterial road network is established at the municipal level, with the City of Houston exercising planning control over both its incorporated area and extraterritorial jurisdiction. Therefore, Houston exercises transportation planning authority over a 2,000-square-mile (5,200 km²) area over five counties, many times larger than its corporate area.^[325] The Major Thoroughfare and Freeway Plan, updated annually, establishes the city's street hierarchy, identifies roadways in need of widening, and proposes new roadways in unserved areas. Arterial roads are organized into four categories, in decreasing order of intensity: major thoroughfares, transit corridor streets, collector streets, and local streets.^[325] Roadway classification affects anticipated traffic volumes, roadway design, and right of way breadth. Ultimately, the system is designed to ferry traffic from neighborhood streets to major thoroughfares, which connect into the limited-access highway system.^[325] Notable arterial roads in the region include Westheimer Road, Memorial Drive, SH 6, FM 1960, Bellaire Boulevard, and Telephone Road.

Transit

The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO) provides public transportation in the form of buses, light rail, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, and paratransit to fifteen municipalities throughout the Greater Houston area and parts of unincorporated Harris County. METRO's service area covers 1,303 square miles (3,370 km²) containing a population of 3.6 million.^[326]

METRO's local bus network services approximately 275,000 riders daily with a fleet of over 1,200 buses.^[326] The agency's 75 local routes contain nearly 8,900 stops and saw nearly 67 million boardings during the 2016 fiscal year.^[326] A park and ride system provides commuter bus service from 34 transit centers scattered throughout the region's suburban areas; these express buses operate independently of the local bus network and utilize the region's extensive system of HOV lanes.^[327] Downtown and the Texas Medical Center have the highest rates of transit use in the region, largely due to the park and ride system, with nearly 60% of commuters in each district utilizing public transit to get to work.^[327]

METRO began light rail service in 2004 with the opening of the 8-mile (13 km) north-south Red Line connecting Downtown, Midtown, the Museum District, the Texas Medical Center, and NRG Park. In the early 2010s, two additional lines—the Green Line, servicing the East End, and the Purple Line, servicing the Third Ward—opened, and the Red Line was extended northward to Northline, bringing the total length of the system to 22.7 miles (36.5 km). Two light rail lines outlined in a five-line system approved by voters in a 2003 referendum have yet to be constructed.^[328] The Uptown Line, which runs along Post Oak Boulevard in Uptown,^[329] was under construction as a bus rapid transit line—the city's first—while the University Line has been postponed indefinitely.^[330] The light rail system saw approximately 16.8 million boardings in fiscal year 2016.^[326]

Amtrak's thrice-weekly Los Angeles–New Orleans Sunset Limited serves Houston at a station northwest of Downtown. There were 14,891 boardings and alightings in FY2008,^[331] 20,327 in FY2012,^[332] and 20,205 in FY2018.^[333] A daily Amtrak Thruway connects Houston with Amtrak's Chicago–San Antonio Texas Eagle at Longview.^[334]

Cycling

Houston has the largest number of bike commuters in Texas with over 160 miles of dedicated bikeways.^[335] The city is currently in the process of expanding its on and off street bikeway network.^[when?]^[336] In 2015, Downtown Houston added a cycle track on Lamar Street, running from Sam Houston Park to Discovery Green.^[337] Houston City Council approved the Houston Bike Plan in March 2017, at that time entering the plan into the Houston Code of Ordinances.^[338] In August 2017, Houston City Council approved spending for construction of 13 additional miles of bike trails.^[339]

Houston's bicycle sharing system started service with nineteen stations in May 2012. Houston Bcycle (also known as B-Cycle), a local non-profit, runs the subscription program, supplying bicycles and docking stations, while partnering with other companies to maintain the system.^[340] The network expanded to 29 stations and 225 bicycles in 2014, registering over 43,000 checkouts of equipment during the first half of the same year.^[341] In 2017, Bcycle logged over 142,000 check outs while expanding to 56 docking stations.^[342]

Airports

The Houston Airport System, a branch of the municipal government, oversees the operation of three major public airports in the city. Two of these airports, George Bush Intercontinental Airport and William P. Hobby Airport, offer commercial aviation service to a variety of domestic and international destinations and served 55 million passengers in 2016. The third, Ellington Airport, is home to the Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base. The Federal Aviation Administration and the state of Texas selected the Houston Airport System as "Airport of the Year" in 2005, largely due to the implementation of a $3.1 billion airport improvement program for both major airports in Houston.^[343]

George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), 23 miles (37 km) north of Downtown Houston between Interstates 45 and 69, is the eighth busiest commercial airport in the United States (by total passengers and aircraft movements) and forty-third busiest globally.^[344]^[345] The five-terminal, five-runway, 11,000-acre (4,500-hectare) airport served 40 million passengers in 2016, including 10 million international travelers.^[344] In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States.^[346] The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center is at Bush Intercontinental.

Houston was the headquarters of Continental Airlines until its 2010 merger with United Airlines with headquarters in Chicago; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year. Bush Intercontinental is currently United Airlines' second largest hub, behind O'Hare International Airport.^[347] United Airlines' share of the Houston Airport System's commercial aviation market was nearly 60% in 2017 with 16 million enplaned passengers.^[348] In early 2007, Bush Intercontinental Airport was named a model "port of entry" for international travelers by U.S. Customs and Border Protection.^[349]

William P. Hobby Airport (HOU), known as Houston International Airport until 1967, operates primarily short- to medium-haul domestic and international flights to 60 destinations.^[344] The four-runway, 1,304-acre (528-hectare) facility is approximately 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Downtown Houston. In 2015, Southwest Airlines launched service from a new international terminal at Hobby to several destinations in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. These were the first international flights flown from Hobby since the opening of Bush Intercontinental in 1969.^[350] Houston's aviation history is showcased in the 1940 Air Terminal Museum in the old terminal building on the west side of the airport. In 2009, Hobby Airport was recognized with two awards for being one of the top five performing airports globally and for customer service by Airports Council International.^[351] In 2022 Hobby Airport was certified as the first 5-Star Airport in North America by Skytrax. It became the first Airport in North America to do so and just the 16th airport worldwide to receive the accomplishment.^[352]

Houston's third municipal airport is Ellington Airport, used by the military, government (including NASA) and general aviation sectors.^[353]

Notable people

International relations

The Mayor's Office of Trade and International Affairs (MOTIA) is the city's liaison to Houston's sister cities and to the national governing organization, Sister Cities International. Through their official city-to-city relationships, these volunteer associations promote people-to-people diplomacy and encourage citizens to develop mutual trust and understanding through commercial, cultural, educational, and humanitarian exchanges.^[354]

Houston's sister cities are:^[355]

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (2001)

Baku, Azerbaijan (1976)

Basrah, Iraq (2015)

Chiba, Japan (1972)

Grampian Region, Aberdeen, Scotland (1979)

Guayaquil, Ecuador (1987)

Huelva, Spain (1969)

Istanbul, Turkey (1988)

Karachi, Pakistan (2009)

Leipzig, Germany (1992)

Luanda, Angola (2003)

Nice, France (1973)

Perth, Australia (1984)

Shenzhen, China (1986)

Stavanger, Norway (1988)

Taipei, Taiwan (1961)

Tampico, Mexico (2003)

Tyumen, Russia (1995)

Ulsan Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea (2021)

Notes

^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^ Official records for Houston were kept at the Weather Bureau in downtown from July 1888 to May 1969, and at Intercontinental since June 1969.^[123]

References

^ "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "QuickFacts: Houston city, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
^ "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
^ "Total Gross Domestic Product for Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX (MSA)". Federal Reserve Economic Data.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "The Texas Triangle Megaregion Nears 21 Million Residents". Texas News Express. October 6, 2020. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Houston, Texas Geography Profile". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
^ "Facts and Figures". City of Houston eGovernment Center. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
^ Kleiner, D.J.: Allen's Landing from the Handbook of Texas Online (February 3, 2005). Retrieved 2007-06-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h McComb, David G. (January 19, 2008). "Houston, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on April 12, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Gray, Lisa (May 19, 2016). "Promise – and a few fibs – launched this city's destiny". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
^ Fortune 500 2010: Cities Archived August 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Accessed May 25, 2011
^ ^a ^b "A.T. Kearney Global Cities Index 2019" (PDF). A.T. Kearney. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
^ "2010 Port Industry Statistics, American Association of Port Authorities" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
^ Hu, Elise (July 1, 2013). "In Houston, America's Diverse Future Has Already Arrived". Retrieved July 15, 2024.
^ Gates, Sara (March 5, 2012). "Houston Surpasses New York and Los Angeles as the 'Most Diverse in Nation'". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ""Museums and Cultural Arts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. (31.8 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on March 21, 2009.
^ LIPSCOMB, CAROL A. (June 15, 2010). "Karankawa Indians". tshaonline.org. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ COUSER, DOROTHY (June 9, 2010). "ATAKAPA INDIANS". tshaonline.org. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ Layman, George J. (December 31, 2019). "Karankawas were among the First Texas Indians Encountered by Europeans". HistoryNet. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ "Houston's Native American Heritage Runs Deep". Houston Family Magazine. October 31, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ "Austin, John". tshaonline.org. June 9, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ McComb, David G. (1981). Houston: A History (2nd ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 11.
^ Williams, Amelia W. (August 24, 2016). "Allen, Augustus Chapman". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Looscan, Adele B. (1914). "Harris County, 1822–1845". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 19: 37–64. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
^ "Blood and Sugar". Texas Monthly. December 21, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ "Texas History" (PDF).
^ Perry, John (Summer 2006). "Born on the Bayou: city's murky start". City Savvy (Online ed.). City of Houston. Archived from the original on December 18, 2011.
^ Cotham, Edward T. (2004). Sabine Pass: The Confederacy's Thermopylae. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70594-4.
^ "Houston Was the Railroad Center of Texas | RBH". Resurgence Behavioral Health. December 13, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
^ J.H.W. Stele to Sayers, September 11–12, 1900 Archived November 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Texas State Library & Archives Commission, Retrieved on August 31, 2007
^ Olien, Diana Davids; Olien, Roger M. (2002). Oil in Texas: The Gusher Age, 1895–1945. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76056-1.
^ "Marvin Hurley, 1910–1920, Houston History". Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
^ Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). "Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Texas – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Houston Ship Channel". TSHA Handbook of Texas. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Carlson, Erik (February 1999). "Ellington Field: A Short History, 1917–1963" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
^ Collins, William J. (March 2001). "Race, Roosevelt, and Wartime Production: Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets". The American Economic Review. 91 (1). American Economic Association: 272–286. doi:10.1257/aer.91.1.272. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 2677909.
^ Streetman, Ashley. "Houston Timeline". Houston Institute for Culture. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
^ "How Air Conditioning Changed America" Archived December 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, The Old House Web, Retrieved on April 4, 2007
^ "A Short History" Archived February 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Houston Geological Auxiliary, Retrieved on April 4, 2007
^ "Shipbuilding". TSHA Handbook of Texas. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
^ Barks, Joseph V. (November 2001). "Powering the (New and Improved) "Eighth Wonder of the World"". Electrical Apparatus.
^ "Polish-Texans". Texas Almanac 2004–2005. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
^ "Lee P. Brown – Biography". TheHistoryMakers.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
^ "Houston, Texas Population History | 1900 - 2022". www.biggestuscities.com. Retrieved October 4, 2023.^{[unreliable source?]}
^ Frontain, Michael (February 9, 2017). "Enron Corporation". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
^ "About Us". Texas Medical Center. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ Ward, Christina (June 18, 2001). "Allison's Death Toll Hits 43". RedCross.org. Archived from the original on December 4, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
^ "Katrina's Human Legacy". Houston Chronicle. August 27, 2006. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
^ Flakus, Greg (September 25, 2005). "Recovery Beginning in Areas Affected by Hurricane Rita". Voice of America News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
^ 8th Congressional District of Texas 2007 Appropriations Project Requests Archived January 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Congressman Kevin Brady, 8th District of Texas. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
^ Boburg, Shawn (September 25, 2005). "Houston's 'Wild West' growth". Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
^ "Texas flood disaster: Harvey has unloaded 9 trillion gallons of water". The Washington Post. August 27, 2017. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
^ Mooney, Chris (January 8, 2018). "Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages". Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
^ ""Harvey certain to be one of the most expensive natural disasters ever". August 30, 2017. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017. (31.8 KB)", CNN News. Retrieved on August 25, 2017.
^ Davis, Aaron; Gillum, Jack; Tran, Andrew. "How Houston's 'Wild West' growth may have contributed to devastating flooding". Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2018. Growth that is virtually unchecked, including in flood-prone areas, has diminished the land's already-limited natural ability to absorb water, according to environmentalists and experts in land use and natural disasters. ... Since 2010, at least 7,000 residential buildings have been constructed in Harris County on properties that sit mostly on land the federal government has designated as a 100-year flood plain, according to a Washington Post review of areas at the greatest risk of flooding.
^ Gray, Nolan (September 4, 2017). "Houston's Zoning Wasn't the Problem". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
^ @SylvesterTurner (August 30, 2017). "city with zoning that flooded" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Helsel, Phil (May 17, 2024). "7 dead in Houston area after storms, 100 mph winds". NBC News. Retrieved May 18, 2024.
^ "At least 7 dead after hurricane-force winds pound Houston as power outages persist amid rising temperatures". CNN. May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 18, 2024.
^ Wulfeck, Andrew; Sistek, Scott (May 16, 2024). "Houston metro rocked by 100 mph derecho that left 7 dead and over 1 million without power". Fox Weather. Retrieved May 18, 2024.
^ Lomax, John Nova. "This Is Texas". Archived May 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Texas Monthly. February 2013. Retrieved on April 30, 2013. "No, the rightful standard-bearer of our state—the city with the greatest number of people, of cultural happenings, of medical facilities, of gangbuster enterprises—is located 165 miles to the east of Texas's pink-granite dome." – The first part is discussing Houston. The "pink granite dome" is the Texas State Capitol in Austin.
^ "Distance from Houston, TX, USA to Walter Umphrey State Park, Martin Luther King Junior Drive, Port Arthur, TX, USA". Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
^ Martin, Roland. "Football power in Texas has shifted to Houston". Archived March 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine CNN. January 6, 2012. Retrieved on January 7, 2012.
^ Houston (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau Archived February 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on February 28, 2009.
^ Baddour, Dylan (May 31, 2016). "The trouble with living in a swamp: Houston floods explained". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
^ Flood Forecasting for the Buffalo Bayou Using CRWR-PrePro and HEC-HMS Archived February 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Center for Research in Water Resources, The University of Texas at Austin Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
^ Downtown Houston, Texas Archived May 30, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. TopoQuest.com Retrieved on July 5, 2008.
^ "Topographic map of Houston, Texas". topographic-map.com. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Houston-Galveston, Texas Managing Coastal Subsidence" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2007. (5.89 MB). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved on January 11, 2007.
^ "Drinking Water Operations". Publicworks.houstontx.gov. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
^ "2009 Professional Awards". asla.org. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
^ Baddour, Dylan (May 31, 2016). "The trouble with living in a swamp: Houston floods explained". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
^ Harris County Archived December 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
^ Rice Culture Archived December 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
^ Engelkemeir, R. "Mapping Active Faults in the Houston Area using LIDAR Data, #50034 (2006)". Online Journal for E&P Geoscientists. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
^ Earl R. Verbeek, Karl W. Ratzlaff, Uel S. Clanton. "Faults in Parts of North-Central and Western Houston Metropolitan Area, Texas Archived September 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine", United States Geological Survey, September 16, 2005. Retrieved on December 14, 2006.
^ Sachin D. Shah and Jennifer Lanning-Rush. Principal Faults in the Houston, Texas, Metropolitan Area Archived October 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved on February 23, 2012.
^ Texas Earthquakes, University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, July 2001. Retrieved on August 29, 2007.
^ Chapman, Betty Trapp (Fall 2010). "A System of Government Where Business Ruled" (PDF). Houston History Magazine. 8: 29–33. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ "Houston's Loop 610: Population". City of Houston. City of Houston Planning and Development Department. 2013. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ "Harris County Budget Management: Population Study" (PDF). Harris County, Texas. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ Reinhold, Robert (August 17, 1986). "FOCUS: Houston; A Fresh Approach To Zoning". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
^ "Zoning Without Zoning". planetizen.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
^ "Here's how cities across Texas changed their zoning to increase housing". Dallas News. January 31, 2024.
^ "The Healthiest Housing Markets for 2009 – Local Markets, Construction, Home Prices". Builder. February 27, 2009. Archived from the original on February 22, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
^ Lescalleet, Cynthia. "2019 Was A Record Year for Houston's Housing Market". Forbes. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
^ Hlavaty, Craig (October 23, 2018). "How many skylines do you think Houston has?". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
^ "The World's Best Skylines". tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
^ Fast Facts, Downtown Houston Archived December 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Houstondowntown.com 2006. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
^ "Reports". February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
^ "BBVA Compass Plaza opens new building on Post Oak". Prime Property. June 13, 2013. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
^ Residential Real Estate. Uptown-houston.com Retrieved on January 11, 2007. Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
^ Sarnoff, Nancy (December 14, 2001). "Genesis Laying Down Plans for Newest Uptown Condo Highrise". Houston Business Journal. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
^ Apte, Angela (October 26, 2001). "Rising Land Costs Boost Houston's Mid-Rise Market". Houston Business Journal. Archived from the original on May 26, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
^ "Living the High Life. Earthbound Houstonians consider something uplifting". HoustoniaMag.com. HoustoniaMag. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
^ Commercial Real Estate. Uptown-houston.com Retrieved on January 10, 2007. Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Hammered by heavy rain and huge hail Thursday night, Houston braces for more downpours, flooding". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
^ "Weather Stats". Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
^ "Average Relative Humidity (%)", National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on February 23, 2012.
^ Rimer, Sara (July 2, 1998). "Houston Journal; Broiling on the Outside, But, Really, It's No Sweat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
^ Crewdson, John M. (August 6, 1981). "Houston's Lifeline: Tons of Cool Air". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
^ National Weather Service Forecast Office, Houston/Galveston, Texas."Public Information Statement". Archived from the original on December 12, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2006. Retrieved on December 1, 2006.
^ Shayanian, Sara (December 8, 2017). "Texas hit with snow as winter weather system aims for Northeast Archived December 8, 2017, at the Wayback Machine". United Press International.
^ Matthews, Blake (December 8, 2017). "Record snow blankets Houston and Texas Archived December 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine". KHOU-TV.
^ "Snow in Houston: It Happens More Than You Think". KTRK-TV. December 8, 2017. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ KPRC
^ ^a ^b Schaper, David (August 31, 2017). "3 Reasons Houston Was A 'Sitting Duck' For Harvey Flooding". NPR. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ Boburg, Shawn; Reinhard, Beth (August 29, 2017). "How Houston's 'Wild West' growth may have contributed to devastating flooding". Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Ramirez, Fernando (May 26, 2017). "Remembering Houston's Memorial Day Flood, one of America's costliest floods". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ Perera, John Henry (April 17, 2017). "Revisiting Houston's Tax Day Floods one year later". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ "Hurricane Harvey makes landfall in Texas". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Dart, Tom (June 16, 2017). "Houston fears climate change will cause catastrophic flooding: 'It's not if, it's when'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ "State of the Air 2005, National and Regional Analysis Archived April 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine", American Lung Association, page 26, March 25, 2005. Retrieved on February 17, 2006.
^ "How healthy is the air you breathe?". Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
^ "Summary of the Issues Archived February 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine", Citizens League for Environmental Action Now, August 1, 2004. Retrieved on February 17, 2006.
^ Czader, Beata (May 20, 2016). "The paradox of peak-based ozone air pollution standards". The Conversation. Archived from the original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
^ Labzovskii, Lev; Jeong, Su-Jong; Parazoo, Nicholas C. (2019). "Working towards confident spaceborne monitoring of carbon emissions from cities using Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2". Remote Sensing of Environment. 233. 111359. Bibcode:2019RSEnv.23311359L. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111359. S2CID 202176909.
^ ThreadEx
^ "Station Name: TX HOUSTON INTERCONT AP". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
^ "WMO Climate Normals for HOUSTON/INTERCONTINENTAL, TX 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
^ "Historical UV Index Data - Houston,TX". UV Index Today. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Houston Hobby AP, TX". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
^ "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Houston". National Weather Service. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
^ ^a ^b Cardenas, Cat; Formby, Brandon (April 4, 2018). "Houston council approves changes to floodplain regulations in effort to reduce flood damage". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
^ Grabar, Henry (August 30, 2018). "And the Waters Will Prevail". Slate. Archived from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Dempsey, Mark Collette (December 6, 2017). "What's in Houston's worst flood zones? Development worth $13.5 billion". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ "Population Rebounds for Many Cities in Northeast and Midwest". May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
^ Najarro, Ilena; Deam, Jenny (December 27, 2017). "Fearing deportation, undocumented immigrants in Houston are avoiding hospitals and clinics". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ Sacchetti, Maria (August 28, 2017). "For Houston's many undocumented immigrants, storm is just the latest challenge". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c "2019 ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "2018 ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
^ William H. Frey (May 2004). "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965-to the present Archived April 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine". Brookings Institution. brookings.edu. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Kever, Jeannie (May 26, 2011). "Texans are 3 1/2 years younger than average Americans". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ Yard, Michelle (September 23, 2014). "Demographics show the changing face of Houston". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ "ACS 2019 Selected Social Characteristics". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Houston city, Texas 2018-2019". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
^ "2020 Race and Population Totals". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Houston, Texas Population: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^ "Houston (city), Texas". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010.
^ ^a ^b From 15% sample
^ "Houston City Census 2010, Summary File 1" (PDF). p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
^ "Houston city, Texas – DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000". census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
^ Klineberg, Stephen (April 2018). "The 2018 Kinder Houston Area Survey" (PDF). Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ Mejia, Brittny (May 9, 2017). "How Houston has become the most diverse place in America". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ Hu, Elise (July 1, 2013). "In Houston, America's Diverse Future Has Already Arrived". NPR. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ "Join Us in Houston, America's Next Great Black Business Mecca". Black Enterprise. December 8, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
^ "Meet 'Black Girl Magic,' The 19 African-American Women Elected As Judges In Texas". NPR.org.
^ Graves, Earl G. Sr. (December 8, 2016). "Join us in Houston, America's Next Great Black Business Mecca". Black Enterprise. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
^ Haley, John H. (Summer 1993). "Reviewed Work: Black Dixie: Afro-Texan History and Culture in Houston by Howard Beeth, Cary D. Wintz". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 77 (2): 412–413. JSTOR 40582726. CITED: p. 412.
^ Rahman, Fauzeya (September 23, 2016). "Sylvester Turner mostly right; Houston is 'most diverse'". Politifact. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ ^a ^b "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Houston city, Texas 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
^ "Houston city, Texas – DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
^ "Same Sex Couples Statistics by The Williams Institute". williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
^ "The World's Biggest Pride Parades". The Active Times. January 10, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ "Houston LGBTQ Community & Culture". My Gay Houston. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
^ Martin, Florian (October 12, 2018). "Houston Lags Behind Other Major Texas Cities in LGBT-Friendliness". Houston Public Media. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ Blum, Jordan (January 18, 2016). "In energy sector, coming out 'can put you at risk'". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ Oaklander, Mandy (May 18, 2011). "The Mayor of Montrose". Houston Press. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ "Anatomy Of A Gay Murder". October 2, 2006. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Houston's LGBT History". My Gay Houston. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ Bustillo, Miguel (December 13, 2009). "Houston Election May Prove Historic". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ Morris, By Mike (July 4, 2014). "Equal rights law opponents deliver signatures seeking repeal". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ "Dallas Has the Most Christians". D Magazine. July 29, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ Jeynes, William H. (November 24, 2009). A Call for Character Education and Prayer in the Schools. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0313351044. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Barned-Smith, St John (October 22, 2016). "Temples of the gods: Houston's religious diversity reflects community". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Lipka, Michael (July 29, 2015). "Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
^ "PRRI – American Values Atlas". Public Religion Research Institute. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Maps and data files for 2020". U.S. Religion Census. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c Shellnutt, Kate (March 21, 2011). "Megachurches getting bigger; Lakewood quadruples in size since 2000". Believe It or Not. Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston statistics". Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019.
^ "Parish Directory Map". Archeparchy of Pittsburgh. March 17, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ Kever, Jeannie (January 9, 2011). "New converts flocking to ancient church in Houston". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019.
^ Chitwood, Ken (July 23, 2013). "Orthodox Christians part of diverse fabric of Houston faith". Sacred Duty. Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019.
^ "Parishes - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America". Goarch.org. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ "Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese". 1.antiochian.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ Turner, Allan (October 12, 2015). "Coptic pope in Houston on first U.S. visit". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ "Ethiopian believers find strength in Orthodox church". Houston Chronicle. February 15, 2003. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
^ "Jewish Data Bank 2016 Houston Study". Jewishdatabank.org. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Shellnutt, Kate (March 8, 2012). "U.S. sees rise of Islamic centers". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
^ Chafetz, Janet Saltzman; Ebaugh, Helen Rose (October 18, 2000). Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations. AltaMira Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0759117129.
^ "Sri Meenakshi Temple Society". Visit Houston. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
^ "Sri Meenakshi Temple Self-Guided Tour". Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
^ "Sri Meenakshi Temple, Pearland – The 40-year History". Menon Lifetime Thoughts. December 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
^ "Fortune 500". Fortune.
^ "Energy". Greater Houston Partnership. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
^ "Alternative Energy in the Houston Region". Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
^ "Houston Ranks No. 1 in America in Renewable Energy Use — No, Really". PaperCity. July 3, 2019. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021.
^ "National Top 100" (PDF). EPA. April 26, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2023.
^ Egan, John (May 12, 2021). "Houston named the no. 2 fastest growing tech hubs amid the pandemic". Culturemap. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
^ Neri, Antonio (April 4, 2022). "HPE celebrates grand opening of Houston headquarters". HPE. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
^ Ryan, Molly (July 11, 2013). "Houston surpasses New York as top U.S. export market". Houston Business Journal. Archived from the original on August 3, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
^ Schneider, Andrew (July 12, 2013). "Houston Passes New York to Become Nation's Top Exporting Metro Area". kuhf news for houston. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
^ "Energy Industry Overview" (PDF). Greater Houston Partnership. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 22, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
^ "The Port of Houston Delivers First and Foremost from the Very Beginning" (PDF). The Port of Houston Authority. May 15, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007. Retrieved May 27, 2007.
^ "Port Rankings". Aapa-ports.org. American Association of Port Authorities. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
^ Bustillo, Miguel (December 28, 2006). "Houston is Feeling Energized". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
^ "United States Pipelines map – Crude Oil (petroleum) pipelines – Natural Gas pipelines – Products pipelines". Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ "Regional Economic Accounts GDP & Personal Income". U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Archived from the original on September 16, 2018.
^ "Report for selected countries and subjects: Gross domestic product, current prices (USD)". World Economic Outlook Database, September 2018. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
^ ""Gross Area Product by Industry" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. (28.3 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on March 21, 2009.
^ TRESAUGUE, Matthew (May 17, 2006). "Study suggests UH degrees are crucial economic factor". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "The Economic Impact of Higher Education on Houston: A Case Study of the University of Houston System" (PDF). University of Houston System. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ "Houston Facts & Figures". Visit Houston. Houston First Corporation. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
^ ""Houston Foreign Consulate Representation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. (30.2 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on March 21, 2009.
^ "International Banks in the Houston Area" (PDF). Greater Houston Partnership. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
^ Thompson, Derek (May 28, 2013). "Houston Is Unstoppable: Why Texas' Juggernaut Is America's #1 Job Creator". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
^ "Components of Population Change" (PDF). houston.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Foreign Born Population" (PDF). houston.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
^ "International Representation in Houston" (PDF). houston.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
^ "About the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo" (PDF). hlsr.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
^ "Houston Pride Parade". PrideHouston.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ The Original Greek Festival, Houston, Texas Archived August 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. 2006. Retrieved on January 10, 2007. Warning: Automatic sound file.
^ The Houston International Festival Archived July 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. 2007. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
^ "The 2004 Top 25 Fairs & Festivals". AmericanStyle. Archived from the original on April 13, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
^ "AmericanStyle Magazine Readers Name 2005 Top 10 Art Fairs and Festivals" (PDF). AmericanStyle. October 25, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
^ https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/trending/article/best-us-food-cities-foodies-houston-restaurants-17853424.php
^ "Houston: the Culinary Capital of the South". Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
^ "Ford Fusion". November 18, 2015. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
^ Draper, Robert (April 7, 2016). "Houston's Culinary Bragging Rights". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
^ Ramsey, Cody. "In a state of big, Houston is at the top Archived June 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine", Texas Monthly, September 2002. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
^ "Houston Arts and Museums". City of Houston eGovernment Center. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
^ "About Houston Theater District", Houston Theater District. Retrieved on December 16, 2006. Archived at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
^ "Performing Arts Venues", Houston Theater District. Retrieved on December 16, 2006. Archived at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
^ "A Brief History of the Art Car Museum Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine", ArtCar Museum of Houston. Retrieved on December 16, 2006.
^ 2006 fall edition of International Quilt Festival attracts 53,546 to Houston. Quilts., Inc. Press release published November 30, 2006. Retrieved on January 12, 2007.
^ Houston Museum District Archived February 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved on February 18, 2007.
^ van Ryzin, Jeanne Claire (April 1, 2006). "Central Austin has the makings of a museum district". Austin360.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
^ Houston Museum District Day Archived November 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Texas Monthly. 2006. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
^ Home Page Archived January 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Contemporary Arts Museum Houston. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
^ Houston Museum District Archived February 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
^ "Bayou Bend Collections and Gardens, Houston, Texas". Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
^ Lomax, John Nova (February 1, 2007). "Nobody Gets Out of Here Alive – The Houston Rock Scene and the Cultural Cringe". The Houston Press.
^ Frere-Jones, Sasha (November 14, 2005). "A Place in the Sun – Houston Hip-Hop Takes Over". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
^ The Heritage Society: Walk into Houston's Past Archived June 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. The Heritage Society. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
^ Continental Magazine, March 2008. p.67.
^ "2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings". Walk Score. 2011. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
^ "Houston Astros: Historical Moments". sportsecyclopedia.com. October 18, 2013. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
^ "Houston Rockets: History". sportsecyclopedia.com. May 2, 2013. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
^ "Houston Dash first expansion team in NWSL". AP. December 12, 2013. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
^ "Houston Beats Chicago to Win N.W.S.L. Title". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 26, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
^ "All eyes on Houston: New plans to bring rugby franchise, stadium to the Bayou City". abc13.com. March 23, 2017. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ "Reliant Stadium". UniSystems LLC. March 28, 2012. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
^ "The Start of Something Big: Toyota Center upgrades to Include New Concourse HD TVs, Wi-Fi and Concessions Systems". NBA. March 28, 2012. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
^ "Discover: The Astrodome". National Trust for Historic Preservation. March 28, 2013. Archived from the original on November 27, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
^ "Houston Unveils New Football Stadium Renderings". University of Houston Cougars. March 28, 2013. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
^ "Houston to Host Super Bowl LI in 2017" (PDF). Houston Super Bowl LI Committee. March 28, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
^ "2014 Houston College Classic". MLB.com. March 28, 2014. Archived from the original on January 14, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
^ Lewandowski, Dave (March 28, 2012). "Houston, we have liftoff for October 2013 event". IndyCar Series. IndyCar. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
^ "IndyCar's coming to town: Houston race slated for 2013 – Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. March 28, 2012. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Office of the Controller, City of Houston". Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
^ Dye, Thomas R. "Local Government in Texas: Cities, Towns, Counties, and Special Districts". Politics in America, Sixth Edition. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "City Council". City of Houston eGovernment Center. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
^ "Mayor's Office". City of Houston eGovernment Center. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
^ "Strong Currents of Change". Time. November 19, 1979. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
^ Stiles, Matt (August 10, 2006). "City Council may grow by two seats, Houston Chronicle". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
^ Houston voters lengthen term limits for city officials "[1] Archived December 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on January 10, 2015.
^ "Aimee Buras, "Clymer Wright, force for Houston term limits, found dead", January 25, 2011". Houston Chronicle. January 25, 2011. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Klineberg, Stephen. Houston Area Survey 1982–2005, Page 40.
^ McKinley, James C. Jr. (December 12, 2009). "Houston Is Largest City to Elect Openly Gay Mayor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
^ Shoichet, Catherine E. (May 9, 2019). "Florida is about to ban sanctuary cities. At least 11 other states have, too". CNN. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "U.S. Cities Prepare For Planned ICE Raids". NPR. July 13, 2019. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "These are the 11 most dangerous cities in Texas— Dallas and Houston listed". April 14, 2023. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
^ "Houston, TexasCrime Rate & Safety". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
^ "Increased gang activity leads to spike of violent crime in Dallas". May 23, 2017.
^ "Houston crime crackdown leads to bust of 'very violent' Freemoney gang members". October 24, 2022.
^ "Mayor Whitmire meets with Houston leaders in law enforcement in collaboration to tackle crime". January 4, 2024.
^ "Harris County leaders unveil $150 million public safety initiative to reduce violent crime across region". August 17, 2022.
^ "Distribution – Houston High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis 2009". Archived July 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved on August 11, 2009.
^ "Crime: The Houston Horrors". Time. August 20, 1973. Archived from the original on September 24, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
^ "Residents of Houston Curbing Murder Talk". Beaver County Times. August 16, 1973. Retrieved May 2, 2010 – via Google News Archive.
^ Pando, Patricia. "Two Worlds a Mile Apart: A Brief History of the Fourth Ward" (PDF). Houston History Magazine. pp. 37–41. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
^ Pitcher, Michelle (August 31, 2023). "A Courtroom Drama About Feeding Unhoused Houstonians". The Texas Observer. Archived from the original on January 14, 2024.
^ Hatfield, Mycah (June 1, 2023). "'It's not fair': Group feeding the homeless outside Houston Public Library hit with 29 citations". ABC13 Houston. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024.
^ Holpuch, Amanda (August 6, 2023). "Houston Volunteers Fight Tickets for Serving Meals to Homeless People". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024.
^ Sainato, Michael (August 4, 2023). "Houston volunteers face thousands in fines for feeding homeless". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024.
^ Garcia, Evan (May 11, 2023). "In Houston, homelessness volunteers are in a stand-off with city authorities". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 11, 2023.
^ "Houston ISD automates lunch". eSchool News online. February 21, 2006. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2006.
^ "Private Schools". Houston-Texas-Online. Archived from the original on January 27, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
^ "Houston Private Schools". HoustonAreaWeb.com. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
^ "School Art Participation". Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. Retrieved on January 10, 2007. Archived at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
^ About HAIS Archived March 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Houston Area independent schools. 2007. Retrieved on March 27, 2007.
^ Bonnin, Richard. "Carnegie Foundation Gives University of Houston its Highest Classification for Research Success, Elevating UH to Tier One Status". University of Houston. Archived from the original on September 20, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
^ "UH achieves Tier One status in research". Houston Business Journal. January 21, 2011. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
^ "UH takes big step up to Tier One status". Houston Chronicle. January 18, 2011. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
^ Khator, Renu (October 4, 2011). "State of the University: Fall 2011" (PDF). University of Houston. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 27, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
^ "Histories of TSU and UH marked by segregation". Chron.com. August 21, 2016. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
^ Ramirez, Fernando (April 19, 2017). "Rice tops the list of 25 hardest colleges to get into in Texas". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ "Rice University, Best Colleges 2009". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
^ "About Lee College". Archived April 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Lee College. Retrieved on May 6, 2013.
^ "Largest HBCU In The Nation: Top 10 Black Colleges By Enrollment". hbculifestyle.com. August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ "4 Texas Southern University graduates turned black history trailblazers". ABC13.com. March 12, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ "Finish UHD Strong". University of Houston Downtown. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ "University of Houston". University of Houston System. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ "What They're Saying About Rice". Rice University. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
^ "Telemundo Station Group, part of the NBCUniversal Owned Television Stations division".^{[dead link]}
^ "Houston Press Shutters Its Print Operation". Houston Press. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
^ Allen, Carol M. "What Came Before" (Chapter 1). In: Allen, Carol M. (editor). Ending Racial Preferences: The Michigan Story (Lexington Studies in Political Communication). Lexington Books, February 5, 2009. ISBN 0739138294, 9780739138298, p. 23.
^ "Texas Medical Center, largest medical complex in the world, reaches 98 percent ICU capacity". Newsweek. August 19, 2020.
^ "Texas Medical Center – Largest Medical Center (Video HD (English))". Texas Medical Center. Archived from the original on June 23, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
^ "Texas Medical Center". Visithoustontexas.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
^ "Quick Facts About The Menninger Clinic". menningerclinic.com, The Menninger Clinic. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
^ "TA Associates – News". Ta.com. September 1, 2005. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
^ "Health Centers". City of Houston. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
^ "HCHD Dental Program". Harris County Hospital District. October 11, 2011. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
^ Knipp, Bethany (November 2, 2016). "Fort Bend County lacks hospital district". Community Impact Newspaper. Retrieved October 18, 2021. Despite being the fastest-growing county in the state, Fort Bend County ... Harris and Montgomery counties have hospital districts, which provide a medical home
^ ^a ^b "2016 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates: Commuting Characteristics by Sex". American Fact Finder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ "Census and You" (PDF). US Census Bureau. January 1996. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 15, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
^ Freemark, Yonah (October 13, 2010). "Transit Mode Share Trends Looking Steady; Rail Appears to Encourage Non-Automobile Commutes". Transport Politic. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
^ Kneebone, Elizabeth; Holmes, Natalie (March 2015). "The growing distance between people and jobs in metropolitan America" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ Sivak, Michael (May 2015). "Commuting to Work in the Largest 30 U.S. Cities" (PDF). University of Michigan. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ Kenworthy, Jeffery R. (1999). "Patterns of automobile dependence in cities: an international overview of key physical and economic dimensions with some implications for urban policy" (PDF). Transportation Research Part A. 33: 691–723. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018 – via Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
^ Kasperkevic, Jana (September 28, 2012). "Four Texas counties rank among nation's top ten for gasoline consumption". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Klineberg, Stephen L. (May 2017). "The Kinder Houston Area Survey: Thirty-Six Years of Measuring Responses to a Changing America" (PDF). Kinder Institute for Urban Research, Rice University. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ "Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "2040 Regional Transportation Plan" (PDF). Houston-Galveston Area Council (HGAC). March 30, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ ^a ^b "SH 99 / Grand Parkway Project". Texas Department of Transportation. 2022. Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
^ About Houston TranStar Archived February 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Houston TranStar. 2008. Retrieved on February 17, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Major Thoroughfare and Freeway Plan Policy Statement" (PDF). City of Houston. March 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Gulf Coast Regionally Coordinated Transportation Plan – 2016 Transportation Resource Inventory Update" (PDF). Houston–Galveston Area Council. 2016. p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ ^a ^b "2040 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP)" (PDF). Houston–Galveston Area Council. March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ Smalley, George F. (October 5, 2012). "Vote against Metro referendum could mean more rail". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ Begley, By Dug (August 23, 2020). "Metro's Silver Line starts, first of many bus rapid transit planned in region in lieu of rail". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
^ Begley, Dug (May 24, 2016). "Federal funding pulled for light rail line construction along Richmond Avenue". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ "Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2008, State of Texas" (PDF). amtrak.com, Amtrak. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
^ "Amtrak ridership up in Houston area, Brookings Institution reports". Houston Business Journal. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
^ "State of Texas Fact Sheet FY2018" (PDF). National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak). June 2019.
^ "Texas Eagle Thruway Motorcoach Schedules".
^ "Home". Houstonbikeways.org. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
^ "New Shared Lane Designation". Houstonbikeways.org. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
^ "Lamar Cycle Track Page". City of Houston. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
^ "Houston Bikeways Program". City of Houston. Archived from the original on April 13, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
^ Elliot, Rebecca (August 23, 2017). "Hike and bike trail extensions coming to four bayous". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
^ Turner, Allan (May 2, 2012). "Houston saddles up for downtown bike share program". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
^ Begley, Dug. "Houston bikesharing program enjoys robust growth". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
^ "Houston Bike Share names new executive director". Houston Chronicle. March 27, 2018. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
^ "FAA selects the HAS as 2005 Airport of the Year" (Press release). Houston Airport System. March 24, 2006. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved December 16, 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Fact Sheets". Houston Airport System. 2017. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
^ "George Bush Intercontinental Airport Fact Sheet" (PDF). Houston Airport System. March 1, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
^ "2005 Total Airline System Passenger Traffic Up 4.6% From 2004" (Press release). Bureau of Transportation Statistics. April 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. Retrieved December 16, 2006.
^ Carey, Susan (August 30, 2017). "United Continental Planning Houston Flight Resumption". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
^ "Houston Airport System Statistical Report: 2017 Fiscal Year Summary" (PDF). Houston Airport System. City of Houston. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
^ Hensel, Bill Jr. (April 5, 2007). "Airport designated 'model port of entry'". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
^ "Southwest launches new international service at Houston Hobby Airport today". Dallas Morning News. October 15, 2015. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^ "William P. Hobby Airport Rated Among Top Five Performing Airports Worldwide". Houston Airport System. March 10, 2009. Archived from the original on March 14, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
^ Plaisted, James (January 7, 2022). "Houston William P. Hobby Airport is the first 5-Star Airport in North America". Skytrax. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
^ "About Ellington Airport". Houston Airport System. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
^ "Our Sister Cities Associations". Sistercitieshouston.org. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
^ "Sister Cities". houstontx.gov. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2024.

External links

[123] Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

[125] Official records for Houston were kept at the Weather Bureau in downtown from July 1888 to May 1969, and at Intercontinental since June 1969.^[123]

[CenPopGazetteer2021-1] "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 28, 2021.

[QuickFacts-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "QuickFacts: Houston city, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 21, 2023.

[urban_area-3] "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.

[2020Pop-4] "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 22, 2023.

[5] "Total Gross Domestic Product for Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX (MSA)". Federal Reserve Economic Data.

[GR2-6] "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

[GR3-7] "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

[8] "The Texas Triangle Megaregion Nears 21 Million Residents". Texas News Express. October 6, 2020. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2020.

[:16-9] "Houston, Texas Geography Profile". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 8, 2019.

[10] "Facts and Figures". City of Houston eGovernment Center. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

[Allen's_Landing-11] Kleiner, D.J.: Allen's Landing from the Handbook of Texas Online (February 3, 2005). Retrieved 2007-06-10.

[HouHTO-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h McComb, David G. (January 19, 2008). "Houston, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Archived from the original on April 12, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2008.

[:8-13] Gray, Lisa (May 19, 2016). "Promise – and a few fibs – launched this city's destiny". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.

[14] Fortune 500 2010: Cities Archived August 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Accessed May 25, 2011

[kearney-15] "A.T. Kearney Global Cities Index 2019" (PDF). A.T. Kearney. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2015.

[port_ranking-16] "2010 Port Industry Statistics, American Association of Port Authorities" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2012.

[17] Hu, Elise (July 1, 2013). "In Houston, America's Diverse Future Has Already Arrived". Retrieved July 15, 2024.

[18] Gates, Sara (March 5, 2012). "Houston Surpasses New York and Los Angeles as the 'Most Diverse in Nation'". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.

[ikvngd-19] ""Museums and Cultural Arts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. (31.8 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on March 21, 2009.

[20] LIPSCOMB, CAROL A. (June 15, 2010). "Karankawa Indians". tshaonline.org. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[21] COUSER, DOROTHY (June 9, 2010). "ATAKAPA INDIANS". tshaonline.org. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[22] Layman, George J. (December 31, 2019). "Karankawas were among the First Texas Indians Encountered by Europeans". HistoryNet. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[23] "Houston's Native American Heritage Runs Deep". Houston Family Magazine. October 31, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[24] "Austin, John". tshaonline.org. June 9, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[25] McComb, David G. (1981). Houston: A History (2nd ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 11.

[tsha_AC-26] Williams, Amelia W. (August 24, 2016). "Allen, Augustus Chapman". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.

[SHQa4-27] Looscan, Adele B. (1914). "Harris County, 1822–1845". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 19: 37–64. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2016.

[28] "Blood and Sugar". Texas Monthly. December 21, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[29] "Texas History" (PDF).

[30] Perry, John (Summer 2006). "Born on the Bayou: city's murky start". City Savvy (Online ed.). City of Houston. Archived from the original on December 18, 2011.

[Sabine-31] Cotham, Edward T. (2004). Sabine Pass: The Confederacy's Thermopylae. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70594-4.

[32] "Houston Was the Railroad Center of Texas | RBH". Resurgence Behavioral Health. December 13, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2022.

[33] J.H.W. Stele to Sayers, September 11–12, 1900 Archived November 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Texas State Library & Archives Commission, Retrieved on August 31, 2007

[34] Olien, Diana Davids; Olien, Roger M. (2002). Oil in Texas: The Gusher Age, 1895–1945. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76056-1.

[35] "Marvin Hurley, 1910–1920, Houston History". Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.

[36] Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). "Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018.

[census1-37] "Texas – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.

[shipchannel-38] "Houston Ship Channel". TSHA Handbook of Texas. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

[39] Carlson, Erik (February 1999). "Ellington Field: A Short History, 1917–1963" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007.

[40] Collins, William J. (March 2001). "Race, Roosevelt, and Wartime Production: Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets". The American Economic Review. 91 (1). American Economic Association: 272–286. doi:10.1257/aer.91.1.272. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 2677909.

[41] Streetman, Ashley. "Houston Timeline". Houston Institute for Culture. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved February 6, 2007.

[42] "How Air Conditioning Changed America" Archived December 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, The Old House Web, Retrieved on April 4, 2007

[43] "A Short History" Archived February 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Houston Geological Auxiliary, Retrieved on April 4, 2007

[44] "Shipbuilding". TSHA Handbook of Texas. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2007.

[45] Barks, Joseph V. (November 2001). "Powering the (New and Improved) "Eighth Wonder of the World"". Electrical Apparatus.

[46] "Polish-Texans". Texas Almanac 2004–2005. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.

[47] "Lee P. Brown – Biography". TheHistoryMakers.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2007.

[48] "Houston, Texas Population History | 1900 - 2022". www.biggestuscities.com. Retrieved October 4, 2023.^{[unreliable source?]}

[49] Frontain, Michael (February 9, 2017). "Enron Corporation". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.

[50] "About Us". Texas Medical Center. Retrieved July 8, 2023.

[51] Ward, Christina (June 18, 2001). "Allison's Death Toll Hits 43". RedCross.org. Archived from the original on December 4, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2007.

[52] "Katrina's Human Legacy". Houston Chronicle. August 27, 2006. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2007.

[53] Flakus, Greg (September 25, 2005). "Recovery Beginning in Areas Affected by Hurricane Rita". Voice of America News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2007.

[54] 8th Congressional District of Texas 2007 Appropriations Project Requests Archived January 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Congressman Kevin Brady, 8th District of Texas. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.

[55] Boburg, Shawn (September 25, 2005). "Houston's 'Wild West' growth". Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2022.

[gallons-56] "Texas flood disaster: Harvey has unloaded 9 trillion gallons of water". The Washington Post. August 27, 2017. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.

[57] Mooney, Chris (January 8, 2018). "Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages". Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.

[Hurricane_Harvey-58] ""Harvey certain to be one of the most expensive natural disasters ever". August 30, 2017. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017. (31.8 KB)", CNN News. Retrieved on August 25, 2017.

[59] Davis, Aaron; Gillum, Jack; Tran, Andrew. "How Houston's 'Wild West' growth may have contributed to devastating flooding". Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2018. Growth that is virtually unchecked, including in flood-prone areas, has diminished the land's already-limited natural ability to absorb water, according to environmentalists and experts in land use and natural disasters. ... Since 2010, at least 7,000 residential buildings have been constructed in Harris County on properties that sit mostly on land the federal government has designated as a 100-year flood plain, according to a Washington Post review of areas at the greatest risk of flooding.

[60] Gray, Nolan (September 4, 2017). "Houston's Zoning Wasn't the Problem". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved March 16, 2024.

[61] @SylvesterTurner (August 30, 2017). "city with zoning that flooded" (Tweet) – via Twitter.

[62] Helsel, Phil (May 17, 2024). "7 dead in Houston area after storms, 100 mph winds". NBC News. Retrieved May 18, 2024.

[63] "At least 7 dead after hurricane-force winds pound Houston as power outages persist amid rising temperatures". CNN. May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 18, 2024.

[64] Wulfeck, Andrew; Sistek, Scott (May 16, 2024). "Houston metro rocked by 100 mph derecho that left 7 dead and over 1 million without power". Fox Weather. Retrieved May 18, 2024.

[65] Lomax, John Nova. "This Is Texas". Archived May 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Texas Monthly. February 2013. Retrieved on April 30, 2013. "No, the rightful standard-bearer of our state—the city with the greatest number of people, of cultural happenings, of medical facilities, of gangbuster enterprises—is located 165 miles to the east of Texas's pink-granite dome." – The first part is discussing Houston. The "pink granite dome" is the Texas State Capitol in Austin.

[66] "Distance from Houston, TX, USA to Walter Umphrey State Park, Martin Luther King Junior Drive, Port Arthur, TX, USA". Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2018.

[67] Martin, Roland. "Football power in Texas has shifted to Houston". Archived March 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine CNN. January 6, 2012. Retrieved on January 7, 2012.

[68] Houston (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau Archived February 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on February 28, 2009.

[69] Baddour, Dylan (May 31, 2016). "The trouble with living in a swamp: Houston floods explained". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 30, 2020.

[70] Flood Forecasting for the Buffalo Bayou Using CRWR-PrePro and HEC-HMS Archived February 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Center for Research in Water Resources, The University of Texas at Austin Retrieved on January 10, 2007.

[71] Downtown Houston, Texas Archived May 30, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. TopoQuest.com Retrieved on July 5, 2008.

[72] "Topographic map of Houston, Texas". topographic-map.com. Retrieved May 8, 2019.

[USGS_Subsidence_Fault_Creep-73] "Houston-Galveston, Texas Managing Coastal Subsidence" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2007. (5.89 MB). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved on January 11, 2007.

[74] "Drinking Water Operations". Publicworks.houstontx.gov. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013.

[75] "2009 Professional Awards". asla.org. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2015.

[76] Baddour, Dylan (May 31, 2016). "The trouble with living in a swamp: Houston floods explained". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.

[77] Harris County Archived December 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.

[78] Rice Culture Archived December 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.

[79] Engelkemeir, R. "Mapping Active Faults in the Houston Area using LIDAR Data, #50034 (2006)". Online Journal for E&P Geoscientists. Retrieved July 10, 2010.

[80] Earl R. Verbeek, Karl W. Ratzlaff, Uel S. Clanton. "Faults in Parts of North-Central and Western Houston Metropolitan Area, Texas Archived September 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine", United States Geological Survey, September 16, 2005. Retrieved on December 14, 2006.

[81] Sachin D. Shah and Jennifer Lanning-Rush. Principal Faults in the Houston, Texas, Metropolitan Area Archived October 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved on February 23, 2012.

[82] Texas Earthquakes, University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, July 2001. Retrieved on August 29, 2007.

[Trapp-83] Chapman, Betty Trapp (Fall 2010). "A System of Government Where Business Ruled" (PDF). Houston History Magazine. 8: 29–33. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

[84] "Houston's Loop 610: Population". City of Houston. City of Houston Planning and Development Department. 2013. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

[85] "Harris County Budget Management: Population Study" (PDF). Harris County, Texas. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

[nytzoning-86] Reinhold, Robert (August 17, 1986). "FOCUS: Houston; A Fresh Approach To Zoning". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[nozoning-87] "Zoning Without Zoning". planetizen.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[88] "Here's how cities across Texas changed their zoning to increase housing". Dallas News. January 31, 2024.

[89] "The Healthiest Housing Markets for 2009 – Local Markets, Construction, Home Prices". Builder. February 27, 2009. Archived from the original on February 22, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2009.

[90] Lescalleet, Cynthia. "2019 Was A Record Year for Houston's Housing Market". Forbes. Retrieved October 15, 2020.

[91] Hlavaty, Craig (October 23, 2018). "How many skylines do you think Houston has?". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 21, 2020.

[92] "The World's Best Skylines". tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved October 21, 2018.

[93] Fast Facts, Downtown Houston Archived December 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Houstondowntown.com 2006. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.

[94] "Reports". February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.

[95] "BBVA Compass Plaza opens new building on Post Oak". Prime Property. June 13, 2013. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2015.

[96] Residential Real Estate. Uptown-houston.com Retrieved on January 11, 2007. Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine

[97] Sarnoff, Nancy (December 14, 2001). "Genesis Laying Down Plans for Newest Uptown Condo Highrise". Houston Business Journal. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2007.

[98] Apte, Angela (October 26, 2001). "Rising Land Costs Boost Houston's Mid-Rise Market". Houston Business Journal. Archived from the original on May 26, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2007.

[99] "Living the High Life. Earthbound Houstonians consider something uplifting". HoustoniaMag.com. HoustoniaMag. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2014.

[100] Commercial Real Estate. Uptown-houston.com Retrieved on January 10, 2007. Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine

[101] "Hammered by heavy rain and huge hail Thursday night, Houston braces for more downpours, flooding". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.

[102] "Weather Stats". Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2008.

[NOAA-103] "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 31, 2021.

[104] "Average Relative Humidity (%)", National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on February 23, 2012.

[105] Rimer, Sara (July 2, 1998). "Houston Journal; Broiling on the Outside, But, Really, It's No Sweat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.

[106] Crewdson, John M. (August 6, 1981). "Houston's Lifeline: Tons of Cool Air". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.

[107] National Weather Service Forecast Office, Houston/Galveston, Texas."Public Information Statement". Archived from the original on December 12, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2006. Retrieved on December 1, 2006.

[108] Shayanian, Sara (December 8, 2017). "Texas hit with snow as winter weather system aims for Northeast Archived December 8, 2017, at the Wayback Machine". United Press International.

[109] Matthews, Blake (December 8, 2017). "Record snow blankets Houston and Texas Archived December 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine". KHOU-TV.

[110] "Snow in Houston: It Happens More Than You Think". KTRK-TV. December 8, 2017. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.

[111] KPRC

[:7-112] Schaper, David (August 31, 2017). "3 Reasons Houston Was A 'Sitting Duck' For Harvey Flooding". NPR. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.

[113] Boburg, Shawn; Reinhard, Beth (August 29, 2017). "How Houston's 'Wild West' growth may have contributed to devastating flooding". Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.

[Ramirez-114] Ramirez, Fernando (May 26, 2017). "Remembering Houston's Memorial Day Flood, one of America's costliest floods". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.

[115] Perera, John Henry (April 17, 2017). "Revisiting Houston's Tax Day Floods one year later". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.

[116] "Hurricane Harvey makes landfall in Texas". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.

[Dart-117] Dart, Tom (June 16, 2017). "Houston fears climate change will cause catastrophic flooding: 'It's not if, it's when'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.

[118] "State of the Air 2005, National and Regional Analysis Archived April 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine", American Lung Association, page 26, March 25, 2005. Retrieved on February 17, 2006.

[119] "How healthy is the air you breathe?". Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2017.

[cleanhouston-120] "Summary of the Issues Archived February 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine", Citizens League for Environmental Action Now, August 1, 2004. Retrieved on February 17, 2006.

[121] Czader, Beata (May 20, 2016). "The paradox of peak-based ozone air pollution standards". The Conversation. Archived from the original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017.

[122] Labzovskii, Lev; Jeong, Su-Jong; Parazoo, Nicholas C. (2019). "Working towards confident spaceborne monitoring of carbon emissions from cities using Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2". Remote Sensing of Environment. 233. 111359. Bibcode:2019RSEnv.23311359L. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111359. S2CID 202176909.

[124] ThreadEx

[NOAA_txt-126] "Station Name: TX HOUSTON INTERCONT AP". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 31, 2021.

[noaasun-127] "WMO Climate Normals for HOUSTON/INTERCONTINENTAL, TX 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.

[UVIT-128] "Historical UV Index Data - Houston,TX". UV Index Today. Retrieved April 20, 2023.

[NOAA2-129] "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Houston Hobby AP, TX". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 30, 2023.

[NOWData-130] "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Houston". National Weather Service. Retrieved November 30, 2023.

[regulations-131] Cardenas, Cat; Formby, Brandon (April 4, 2018). "Houston council approves changes to floodplain regulations in effort to reduce flood damage". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2020.

[132] Grabar, Henry (August 30, 2018). "And the Waters Will Prevail". Slate. Archived from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.

[billion-133] Dempsey, Mark Collette (December 6, 2017). "What's in Houston's worst flood zones? Development worth $13.5 billion". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.

[134] "Population Rebounds for Many Cities in Northeast and Midwest". May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.

[135] Najarro, Ilena; Deam, Jenny (December 27, 2017). "Fearing deportation, undocumented immigrants in Houston are avoiding hospitals and clinics". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.

[136] Sacchetti, Maria (August 28, 2017). "For Houston's many undocumented immigrants, storm is just the latest challenge". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.

[137] "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2019.

[:14-138] "2019 ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 5, 2021.

[:13-139] "2018 ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2020.

[140] William H. Frey (May 2004). "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965-to the present Archived April 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine". Brookings Institution. brookings.edu. Retrieved July 10, 2017.

[141] Kever, Jeannie (May 26, 2011). "Texans are 3 1/2 years younger than average Americans". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.

[142] Yard, Michelle (September 23, 2014). "Demographics show the changing face of Houston". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.

[143] "ACS 2019 Selected Social Characteristics". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 30, 2020.

[144] "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Houston city, Texas 2018-2019". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 30, 2020.

[145] "2020 Race and Population Totals". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

[2010populationbyrace-146] "Houston, Texas Population: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.

[census2000-147] "Houston (city), Texas". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010.

[fifteen-148] From 15% sample

[149] "Houston City Census 2010, Summary File 1" (PDF). p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2021.

[150] "Houston city, Texas – DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000". census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2009.

[151] Klineberg, Stephen (April 2018). "The 2018 Kinder Houston Area Survey" (PDF). Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.

[152] Mejia, Brittny (May 9, 2017). "How Houston has become the most diverse place in America". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.

[153] Hu, Elise (July 1, 2013). "In Houston, America's Diverse Future Has Already Arrived". NPR. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.

[154] "Join Us in Houston, America's Next Great Black Business Mecca". Black Enterprise. December 8, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2021.

[155] "Meet 'Black Girl Magic,' The 19 African-American Women Elected As Judges In Texas". NPR.org.

[156] Graves, Earl G. Sr. (December 8, 2016). "Join us in Houston, America's Next Great Black Business Mecca". Black Enterprise. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019.

[Haleyp412-157] Haley, John H. (Summer 1993). "Reviewed Work: Black Dixie: Afro-Texan History and Culture in Houston by Howard Beeth, Cary D. Wintz". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 77 (2): 412–413. JSTOR 40582726. CITED: p. 412.

[158] Rahman, Fauzeya (September 23, 2016). "Sylvester Turner mostly right; Houston is 'most diverse'". Politifact. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.

[:15-159] "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Houston city, Texas 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 30, 2020.

[160] "Houston city, Texas – DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2009.

[161] "Same Sex Couples Statistics by The Williams Institute". williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu. Retrieved July 30, 2020.

[162] "The World's Biggest Pride Parades". The Active Times. January 10, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[163] "Houston LGBTQ Community & Culture". My Gay Houston. Retrieved July 30, 2020.

[164] Martin, Florian (October 12, 2018). "Houston Lags Behind Other Major Texas Cities in LGBT-Friendliness". Houston Public Media. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[165] Blum, Jordan (January 18, 2016). "In energy sector, coming out 'can put you at risk'". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[166] Oaklander, Mandy (May 18, 2011). "The Mayor of Montrose". Houston Press. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[167] "Anatomy Of A Gay Murder". October 2, 2006. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[:18-168] "Houston's LGBT History". My Gay Houston. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[169] Bustillo, Miguel (December 13, 2009). "Houston Election May Prove Historic". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[170] Morris, By Mike (July 4, 2014). "Equal rights law opponents deliver signatures seeking repeal". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 30, 2020.

[:17-171] "Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[172] "Dallas Has the Most Christians". D Magazine. July 29, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[173] Jeynes, William H. (November 24, 2009). A Call for Character Education and Prayer in the Schools. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0313351044. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

[:9-174] Barned-Smith, St John (October 22, 2016). "Temples of the gods: Houston's religious diversity reflects community". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

[pew-175] Lipka, Michael (July 29, 2015). "Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.

[176] "PRRI – American Values Atlas". Public Religion Research Institute. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2021.

[:19-177] "Maps and data files for 2020". U.S. Religion Census. Retrieved March 4, 2023.

[:10-178] Shellnutt, Kate (March 21, 2011). "Megachurches getting bigger; Lakewood quadruples in size since 2000". Believe It or Not. Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

[:11-179] "Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston statistics". Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019.

[180] "Parish Directory Map". Archeparchy of Pittsburgh. March 17, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[181] Kever, Jeannie (January 9, 2011). "New converts flocking to ancient church in Houston". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019.

[182] Chitwood, Ken (July 23, 2013). "Orthodox Christians part of diverse fabric of Houston faith". Sacred Duty. Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019.

[183] "Parishes - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America". Goarch.org. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[184] "Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese". 1.antiochian.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[185] Turner, Allan (October 12, 2015). "Coptic pope in Houston on first U.S. visit". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[186] "Ethiopian believers find strength in Orthodox church". Houston Chronicle. February 15, 2003. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

[187] "Jewish Data Bank 2016 Houston Study". Jewishdatabank.org. Retrieved October 21, 2020.

[:12-188] Shellnutt, Kate (March 8, 2012). "U.S. sees rise of Islamic centers". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

[189] Chafetz, Janet Saltzman; Ebaugh, Helen Rose (October 18, 2000). Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations. AltaMira Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0759117129.

[190] "Sri Meenakshi Temple Society". Visit Houston. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2022.

[auto-191] "Sri Meenakshi Temple Self-Guided Tour". Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.

[auto2-192] "Sri Meenakshi Temple, Pearland – The 40-year History". Menon Lifetime Thoughts. December 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2022.

[193] "Fortune 500". Fortune.

[194] "Energy". Greater Houston Partnership. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019.

[195] "Alternative Energy in the Houston Region". Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009.

[196] "Houston Ranks No. 1 in America in Renewable Energy Use — No, Really". PaperCity. July 3, 2019. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021.

[197] "National Top 100" (PDF). EPA. April 26, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2023.

[198] Egan, John (May 12, 2021). "Houston named the no. 2 fastest growing tech hubs amid the pandemic". Culturemap. Retrieved August 1, 2022.

[199] Neri, Antonio (April 4, 2022). "HPE celebrates grand opening of Houston headquarters". HPE. Retrieved August 1, 2022.

[200] Ryan, Molly (July 11, 2013). "Houston surpasses New York as top U.S. export market". Houston Business Journal. Archived from the original on August 3, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2013.

[201] Schneider, Andrew (July 12, 2013). "Houston Passes New York to Become Nation's Top Exporting Metro Area". kuhf news for houston. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2013.

[202] "Energy Industry Overview" (PDF). Greater Houston Partnership. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 22, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2009.

[203] "The Port of Houston Delivers First and Foremost from the Very Beginning" (PDF). The Port of Houston Authority. May 15, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007. Retrieved May 27, 2007.

[204] "Port Rankings". Aapa-ports.org. American Association of Port Authorities. Retrieved December 20, 2019.

[205] Bustillo, Miguel (December 28, 2006). "Houston is Feeling Energized". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2007.

[206] "United States Pipelines map – Crude Oil (petroleum) pipelines – Natural Gas pipelines – Products pipelines". Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.

[207] "Regional Economic Accounts GDP & Personal Income". U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Archived from the original on September 16, 2018.

[imf2016gdp-report-208] "Report for selected countries and subjects: Gross domestic product, current prices (USD)". World Economic Outlook Database, September 2018. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.

[209] ""Gross Area Product by Industry" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. (28.3 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on March 21, 2009.

[Economic_Impact-210] TRESAUGUE, Matthew (May 17, 2006). "Study suggests UH degrees are crucial economic factor". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2011.

[UH_System_Economic_Impact-211] "The Economic Impact of Higher Education on Houston: A Case Study of the University of Houston System" (PDF). University of Houston System. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011.

[212] "Houston Facts & Figures". Visit Houston. Houston First Corporation. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.

[213] ""Houston Foreign Consulate Representation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. (30.2 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on March 21, 2009.

[214] "International Banks in the Houston Area" (PDF). Greater Houston Partnership. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2009.

[One-215] Thompson, Derek (May 28, 2013). "Houston Is Unstoppable: Why Texas' Juggernaut Is America's #1 Job Creator". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.

[216] "Components of Population Change" (PDF). houston.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2009.

[ytlzpc-217] "Foreign Born Population" (PDF). houston.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2009.

[218] "International Representation in Houston" (PDF). houston.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2009.

[219] "About the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo" (PDF). hlsr.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2009.

[220] "Houston Pride Parade". PrideHouston.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2012.

[221] The Original Greek Festival, Houston, Texas Archived August 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. 2006. Retrieved on January 10, 2007. Warning: Automatic sound file.

[222] The Houston International Festival Archived July 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. 2007. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.

[AmericanStyle2004-223] "The 2004 Top 25 Fairs & Festivals". AmericanStyle. Archived from the original on April 13, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2007.

[AmericanStyle2005-224] "AmericanStyle Magazine Readers Name 2005 Top 10 Art Fairs and Festivals" (PDF). AmericanStyle. October 25, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.

[225] ttps://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/trending/article/best-us-food-cities-foodies-houston-restaurants-17853424.php

[226] "Houston: the Culinary Capital of the South". Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2019.

[227] "Ford Fusion". November 18, 2015. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2019.

[228] Draper, Robert (April 7, 2016). "Houston's Culinary Bragging Rights". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.

[229] Ramsey, Cody. "In a state of big, Houston is at the top Archived June 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine", Texas Monthly, September 2002. Retrieved February 16, 2014.

[230] "Houston Arts and Museums". City of Houston eGovernment Center. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2007.

[231] "About Houston Theater District", Houston Theater District. Retrieved on December 16, 2006. Archived at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

[232] "Performing Arts Venues", Houston Theater District. Retrieved on December 16, 2006. Archived at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

[233] "A Brief History of the Art Car Museum Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine", ArtCar Museum of Houston. Retrieved on December 16, 2006.

[234] 2006 fall edition of International Quilt Festival attracts 53,546 to Houston. Quilts., Inc. Press release published November 30, 2006. Retrieved on January 12, 2007.

[235] Houston Museum District Archived February 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved on February 18, 2007.

[236] van Ryzin, Jeanne Claire (April 1, 2006). "Central Austin has the makings of a museum district". Austin360.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2007.

[237] Houston Museum District Day Archived November 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Texas Monthly. 2006. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.

[238] Home Page Archived January 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Contemporary Arts Museum Houston. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.

[239] Houston Museum District Archived February 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Greater Houston Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.

[240] "Bayou Bend Collections and Gardens, Houston, Texas". Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2008.

[241] Lomax, John Nova (February 1, 2007). "Nobody Gets Out of Here Alive – The Houston Rock Scene and the Cultural Cringe". The Houston Press.

[242] Frere-Jones, Sasha (November 14, 2005). "A Place in the Sun – Houston Hip-Hop Takes Over". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2007.

[243] The Heritage Society: Walk into Houston's Past Archived June 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. The Heritage Society. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.

[244] Continental Magazine, March 2008. p.67.

[245] "2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings". Walk Score. 2011. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2011.

[246] "Houston Astros: Historical Moments". sportsecyclopedia.com. October 18, 2013. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2013.

[247] "Houston Rockets: History". sportsecyclopedia.com. May 2, 2013. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2013.

[248] "Houston Dash first expansion team in NWSL". AP. December 12, 2013. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.

[249] "Houston Beats Chicago to Win N.W.S.L. Title". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 26, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 7, 2023.

[250] "All eyes on Houston: New plans to bring rugby franchise, stadium to the Bayou City". abc13.com. March 23, 2017. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.

[251] "Reliant Stadium". UniSystems LLC. March 28, 2012. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.

[252] "The Start of Something Big: Toyota Center upgrades to Include New Concourse HD TVs, Wi-Fi and Concessions Systems". NBA. March 28, 2012. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.

[253] "Discover: The Astrodome". National Trust for Historic Preservation. March 28, 2013. Archived from the original on November 27, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.

[254] "Houston Unveils New Football Stadium Renderings". University of Houston Cougars. March 28, 2013. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.

[255] "Houston to Host Super Bowl LI in 2017" (PDF). Houston Super Bowl LI Committee. March 28, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.

[256] "2014 Houston College Classic". MLB.com. March 28, 2014. Archived from the original on January 14, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2013.

[257] Lewandowski, Dave (March 28, 2012). "Houston, we have liftoff for October 2013 event". IndyCar Series. IndyCar. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2012.

[258] "IndyCar's coming to town: Houston race slated for 2013 – Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. March 28, 2012. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.

[home_rule-259] "Office of the Controller, City of Houston". Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[260] Dye, Thomas R. "Local Government in Texas: Cities, Towns, Counties, and Special Districts". Politics in America, Sixth Edition. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[Houston_City_Council-261] "City Council". City of Houston eGovernment Center. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[Houston_Mayor's_Office-262] "Mayor's Office". City of Houston eGovernment Center. Archived from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[263] "Strong Currents of Change". Time. November 19, 1979. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[264] Stiles, Matt (August 10, 2006). "City Council may grow by two seats, Houston Chronicle". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[265] Houston voters lengthen term limits for city officials "[1] Archived December 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on January 10, 2015.

[266] "Aimee Buras, "Clymer Wright, force for Houston term limits, found dead", January 25, 2011". Houston Chronicle. January 25, 2011. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2011.

[Houston_Area_Survey_1982–2005-267] Klineberg, Stephen. Houston Area Survey 1982–2005, Page 40.

[268] McKinley, James C. Jr. (December 12, 2009). "Houston Is Largest City to Elect Openly Gay Mayor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2019.

[269] Shoichet, Catherine E. (May 9, 2019). "Florida is about to ban sanctuary cities. At least 11 other states have, too". CNN. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.

[270] "U.S. Cities Prepare For Planned ICE Raids". NPR. July 13, 2019. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.

[271] "These are the 11 most dangerous cities in Texas— Dallas and Houston listed". April 14, 2023. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024. Retrieved February 20, 2024.

[272] "Houston, TexasCrime Rate & Safety". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved April 3, 2024.

[273] "Increased gang activity leads to spike of violent crime in Dallas". May 23, 2017.

[274] "Houston crime crackdown leads to bust of 'very violent' Freemoney gang members". October 24, 2022.

[275] "Mayor Whitmire meets with Houston leaders in law enforcement in collaboration to tackle crime". January 4, 2024.

[276] "Harris County leaders unveil $150 million public safety initiative to reduce violent crime across region". August 17, 2022.

[277] "Distribution – Houston High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis 2009". Archived July 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved on August 11, 2009.

[278] "Crime: The Houston Horrors". Time. August 20, 1973. Archived from the original on September 24, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010.

[279] "Residents of Houston Curbing Murder Talk". Beaver County Times. August 16, 1973. Retrieved May 2, 2010 – via Google News Archive.

[280] Pando, Patricia. "Two Worlds a Mile Apart: A Brief History of the Fourth Ward" (PDF). Houston History Magazine. pp. 37–41. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2019.

[281] Pitcher, Michelle (August 31, 2023). "A Courtroom Drama About Feeding Unhoused Houstonians". The Texas Observer. Archived from the original on January 14, 2024.

[282] Hatfield, Mycah (June 1, 2023). "'It's not fair': Group feeding the homeless outside Houston Public Library hit with 29 citations". ABC13 Houston. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024.

[283] Holpuch, Amanda (August 6, 2023). "Houston Volunteers Fight Tickets for Serving Meals to Homeless People". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024.

[284] Sainato, Michael (August 4, 2023). "Houston volunteers face thousands in fines for feeding homeless". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024.

[285] Garcia, Evan (May 11, 2023). "In Houston, homelessness volunteers are in a stand-off with city authorities". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 11, 2023.

[286] "Houston ISD automates lunch". eSchool News online. February 21, 2006. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2006.

[287] "Private Schools". Houston-Texas-Online. Archived from the original on January 27, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2007.

[288] "Houston Private Schools". HoustonAreaWeb.com. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2007.

[289] "School Art Participation". Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. Retrieved on January 10, 2007. Archived at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

[290] About HAIS Archived March 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Houston Area independent schools. 2007. Retrieved on March 27, 2007.

[Tier_One_Research-291] Bonnin, Richard. "Carnegie Foundation Gives University of Houston its Highest Classification for Research Success, Elevating UH to Tier One Status". University of Houston. Archived from the original on September 20, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2011.

[Tier_One_Research_2-292] "UH achieves Tier One status in research". Houston Business Journal. January 21, 2011. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2011.

[Tier_One_Research_3-293] "UH takes big step up to Tier One status". Houston Chronicle. January 18, 2011. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2011.

[State_of_the_University:_Fall_2011-294] Khator, Renu (October 4, 2011). "State of the University: Fall 2011" (PDF). University of Houston. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 27, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.

[295] "Histories of TSU and UH marked by segregation". Chron.com. August 21, 2016. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018.

[296] Ramirez, Fernando (April 19, 2017). "Rice tops the list of 25 hardest colleges to get into in Texas". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.

[297] "Rice University, Best Colleges 2009". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[298] "About Lee College". Archived April 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Lee College. Retrieved on May 6, 2013.

[299] "Largest HBCU In The Nation: Top 10 Black Colleges By Enrollment". hbculifestyle.com. August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2021.

[300] "4 Texas Southern University graduates turned black history trailblazers". ABC13.com. March 12, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2021.

[301] "Finish UHD Strong". University of Houston Downtown. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.

[302] "University of Houston". University of Houston System. Retrieved August 17, 2021.

[303] "What They're Saying About Rice". Rice University. Retrieved August 17, 2021.

[304] "Telemundo Station Group, part of the NBCUniversal Owned Television Stations division".^{[dead link]}

[305] "Houston Press Shutters Its Print Operation". Houston Press. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.

[306] Allen, Carol M. "What Came Before" (Chapter 1). In: Allen, Carol M. (editor). Ending Racial Preferences: The Michigan Story (Lexington Studies in Political Communication). Lexington Books, February 5, 2009. ISBN 0739138294, 9780739138298, p. 23.

[307] "Texas Medical Center, largest medical complex in the world, reaches 98 percent ICU capacity". Newsweek. August 19, 2020.

[308] "Texas Medical Center – Largest Medical Center (Video HD (English))". Texas Medical Center. Archived from the original on June 23, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2009.

[309] "Texas Medical Center". Visithoustontexas.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2007.

[310] "Quick Facts About The Menninger Clinic". menningerclinic.com, The Menninger Clinic. Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[311] "TA Associates – News". Ta.com. September 1, 2005. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2011.

[312] "Health Centers". City of Houston. Retrieved April 9, 2021.

[313] "HCHD Dental Program". Harris County Hospital District. October 11, 2011. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2021.

[314] Knipp, Bethany (November 2, 2016). "Fort Bend County lacks hospital district". Community Impact Newspaper. Retrieved October 18, 2021. Despite being the fastest-growing county in the state, Fort Bend County ... Harris and Montgomery counties have hospital districts, which provide a medical home

[auto1-315] "2016 American Community Survey, 1-year estimates: Commuting Characteristics by Sex". American Fact Finder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2017.

[316] "Census and You" (PDF). US Census Bureau. January 1996. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 15, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2007.

[317] Freemark, Yonah (October 13, 2010). "Transit Mode Share Trends Looking Steady; Rail Appears to Encourage Non-Automobile Commutes". Transport Politic. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2017.

[318] Kneebone, Elizabeth; Holmes, Natalie (March 2015). "The growing distance between people and jobs in metropolitan America" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

[319] Sivak, Michael (May 2015). "Commuting to Work in the Largest 30 U.S. Cities" (PDF). University of Michigan. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

[320] Kenworthy, Jeffery R. (1999). "Patterns of automobile dependence in cities: an international overview of key physical and economic dimensions with some implications for urban policy" (PDF). Transportation Research Part A. 33: 691–723. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018 – via Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

[321] Kasperkevic, Jana (September 28, 2012). "Four Texas counties rank among nation's top ten for gasoline consumption". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

[:0-322] Klineberg, Stephen L. (May 2017). "The Kinder Houston Area Survey: Thirty-Six Years of Measuring Responses to a Changing America" (PDF). Kinder Institute for Urban Research, Rice University. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

[323] "Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.

[:1-324] "2040 Regional Transportation Plan" (PDF). Houston-Galveston Area Council (HGAC). March 30, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

[:3-325] "SH 99 / Grand Parkway Project". Texas Department of Transportation. 2022. Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2022.

[326] About Houston TranStar Archived February 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Houston TranStar. 2008. Retrieved on February 17, 2008.

[:2-327] "Major Thoroughfare and Freeway Plan Policy Statement" (PDF). City of Houston. March 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.

[:4-328] "Gulf Coast Regionally Coordinated Transportation Plan – 2016 Transportation Resource Inventory Update" (PDF). Houston–Galveston Area Council. 2016. p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.

[:5-329] "2040 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP)" (PDF). Houston–Galveston Area Council. March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2018.

[330] Smalley, George F. (October 5, 2012). "Vote against Metro referendum could mean more rail". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.

[331] Begley, By Dug (August 23, 2020). "Metro's Silver Line starts, first of many bus rapid transit planned in region in lieu of rail". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 21, 2020.

[332] Begley, Dug (May 24, 2016). "Federal funding pulled for light rail line construction along Richmond Avenue". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.

[333] "Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2008, State of Texas" (PDF). amtrak.com, Amtrak. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.

[334] "Amtrak ridership up in Houston area, Brookings Institution reports". Houston Business Journal. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2013.

[335] "State of Texas Fact Sheet FY2018" (PDF). National Passenger Railroad Corporation (Amtrak). June 2019.

[336] "Texas Eagle Thruway Motorcoach Schedules".

[337] "Home". Houstonbikeways.org. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.

[338] "New Shared Lane Designation". Houstonbikeways.org. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2013.

[lamar-339] "Lamar Cycle Track Page". City of Houston. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2018.

[bikeways-340] "Houston Bikeways Program". City of Houston. Archived from the original on April 13, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.

[341] Elliot, Rebecca (August 23, 2017). "Hike and bike trail extensions coming to four bayous". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.

[bikelaunch-342] Turner, Allan (May 2, 2012). "Houston saddles up for downtown bike share program". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.

[343] Begley, Dug. "Houston bikesharing program enjoys robust growth". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014.

[344] "Houston Bike Share names new executive director". Houston Chronicle. March 27, 2018. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.

[345] "FAA selects the HAS as 2005 Airport of the Year" (Press release). Houston Airport System. March 24, 2006. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved December 16, 2006.

[:6-346] "Fact Sheets". Houston Airport System. 2017. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.

[347] "George Bush Intercontinental Airport Fact Sheet" (PDF). Houston Airport System. March 1, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.

[348] "2005 Total Airline System Passenger Traffic Up 4.6% From 2004" (Press release). Bureau of Transportation Statistics. April 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. Retrieved December 16, 2006.

[349] Carey, Susan (August 30, 2017). "United Continental Planning Houston Flight Resumption". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.

[350] "Houston Airport System Statistical Report: 2017 Fiscal Year Summary" (PDF). Houston Airport System. City of Houston. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.

[351] Hensel, Bill Jr. (April 5, 2007). "Airport designated 'model port of entry'". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2008.

[352] "Southwest launches new international service at Houston Hobby Airport today". Dallas Morning News. October 15, 2015. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.

[353] "William P. Hobby Airport Rated Among Top Five Performing Airports Worldwide". Houston Airport System. March 10, 2009. Archived from the original on March 14, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.

[354] Plaisted, James (January 7, 2022). "Houston William P. Hobby Airport is the first 5-Star Airport in North America". Skytrax. Retrieved August 4, 2022.

[355] "About Ellington Airport". Houston Airport System. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2009.

[356] "Our Sister Cities Associations". Sistercitieshouston.org. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.

[357] "Sister Cities". houstontx.gov. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2024.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

v t e City of Houston
Nickname: Space City
Topics	Architecture Climate Culture Demographics Economy Geography History timeline Media newspapers Transportation Sister cities
Attractions	Anime Matsuri Art Car Parade Astroworld Festival Bayou Place Buffalo Bayou Park Comicpalooza Discovery Green Downtown Aquarium The Galleria Hermann Park Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Houston Zoo Kemah Boardwalk Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark Memorial Park Museum District The Orange Show San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site Space Center Houston Splashtown Theater District Waterwall Park
Business districts	Downtown Uptown Texas Medical Center Greenway Plaza Energy Corridor Westchase Memorial City Greenspoint See also: List of companies in Houston
Communities	Acres Homes Addicks Alief Almeda Bordersville Boulevard Oaks Braeburn Braeswood Place Brays Oaks Briargrove Blue Ridge Chinatown Clear Lake City Denver Harbor East Downtown East End East Houston Fairbanks Five Corners Forum Park Genoa Glenbrook Valley Gulfton Harrisburg Hiram Clarke Houston Heights Independence Heights Inwood Forest Kingwood Link Valley Lower Westheimer Magnolia Park Mahatma Gandhi District Maplewood Memorial Meyerland Midtown Montrose District Museum District Neartown Near Northwest North Shore Northside Oak Forest River Oaks Riverside Terrace Southwest Management District South Park Spring Branch Sunnyside Upper Kirby Historic wards First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Sixth Ward
Education	Health institutions Baylor College of Medicine UH College of Medicine UTHealth MD Anderson Cancer Center Texas A&M Health Science Center State universities University of Houston University of Houston–Clear Lake University of Houston–Downtown Texas Southern University Private universities Houston Christian University Rice University University of St. Thomas Community colleges Houston Community College Lone Star College San Jacinto College Lee College K-12 school districts Houston ISD Aldine ISD Alief ISD Spring Branch ISD Clear Creek ISD Cy-Fair ISD Fort Bend ISD Galena Park ISD Humble ISD Katy ISD Pasadena ISD Spring ISD Huffman ISD New Caney ISD See: List of colleges and universities in Houston
Government	City Council Fire Mayors Police Politics
Neighborhoods	Afton Oaks Brentwood Briargrove Park Briarhills Broadacres City Park Clinton Park Cloverland Corinthian Pointe Cottage Grove Crestwood/Glen Cove Eastwood Garden Oaks Glenshire Highland Village Houston Gardens Idylwood Kashmere Gardens Knollwood Village Lakes of Parkway Larchmont Magnolia Grove Montrose Morningside Place Near North Side Nottingham Forest Old Braeswood Parkway Villages Pecan Park Port Houston Rice Military Richmond Strip Robindell Royal Oaks Country Club Sagemont Scenic Woods Settegast Shadyside Sharpstown Shenandoah Somerset Green Southampton Southbelt/Ellington Southcrest Southgate Stablewood St. George Place (Lamar Terrace) Sunset Heights Sunset Terrace/Montclair Tanglewood University Oaks Village at Glen Iris Walnut Bend Westbury West End West Oaks Westwood (subdivision) Westmoreland Willow Meadows Willowbend Windsor Village Woodland Heights
Sports	Houston Astros Houston Cougars Houston Dash Houston Dynamo FC Houston Rockets Houston Roughnecks Houston SaberCats Houston Texans Houston Christian Huskies Rice Owls Texas Southern Tigers
Harris County Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land Metro Texas United States Category Texas portal

v t e Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land
Counties	Austin Brazoria Chambers Fort Bend Galveston Harris Liberty Montgomery Waller
"Principal" cities	Houston The Woodlands Sugar Land Baytown Conroe
Other cities	Alvin Angleton Bellaire Clute Deer Park Dickinson Freeport Friendswood Galena Park Galveston Humble Jacinto City Katy Lake Jackson La Marque La Porte League City Manvel Missouri City Pasadena Pearland Richmond Rosenberg South Houston Stafford Texas City West University Place For a complete listing, see list of cities and towns in Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land MSA
Unincorporated areas	Atascocita Channelview Cloverleaf Crosby Cypress Fresno Hockley Klein Port Bolivar Spring The Woodlands
Bodies of water	Buffalo Bayou Galveston Bay Gulf Intracoastal Waterway Houston Ship Channel San Jacinto River Trinity River Lake Houston Lake Conroe

v t e State of Texas
Austin (capital)
Topics	Outline Architecture Climate (Climate change) Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Mass media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks Sports Symbols Texans Time Tourist attractions Transportation
Society	Abortion Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics
Regions	Ark‑La‑Tex Big Bend Boca Chica Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans-Pecos West Texas
Metropolitan areas	Abilene Amarillo Austin–Round Rock (Greater Austin) Beaumont–Port Arthur Brownsville–Harlingen College Station–Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington (DFW) El Paso Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land (Greater Houston) Killeen–Temple Laredo Longview/Kilgore Lubbock McAllen–Edinburg–Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio–New Braunfels Sherman–Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wagner Creek Wichita Falls
Counties	See: List of counties in Texas
Texas portal

v t e Republic of Texas
Capitals	Harrisburg Washington-on-the-Brazos Galveston Velasco Columbia Houston Austin
Presidents	David G. Burnet Sam Houston Mirabeau Lamar Anson Jones
Vice Presidents	Lorenzo de Zavala Mirabeau Lamar David G. Burnet Edward Burleson Kenneth Lewis Anderson
Documents	Texas Declaration of Independence Constitution of the Republic of Texas Texas Archive War
Colonization	Henri Castro Fisher–Miller Land Grant
Presidential elections	1836 1838 1841 1844

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Australia Czech Republic Spain Argentina Israel
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
People	Trove
Other	IdRef NARA

History

Early settlement to the 20th century

World War II to the late 20th century

Early 21st century

Population

Oil and gas

Healthcare

Sports

Flooding

2024 Houston derecho

Geography

Geology

Cityscape

Architecture

Climate

Demographics

Race and ethnicity

Sexual orientation and gender identity

Religion

Economy

Culture

Arts and theater

Tourism and recreation

Sports

Government

Crime

Education

Colleges and universities

Media

Infrastructure

Healthcare

Transportation

Roadways

Transit

Cycling

Airports

Notable people

International relations

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links