Governor-General of South Africa

Governor-General of the Union of South Africa
Governor-General of the Union of South Africa
Goewerneur-generaal van die Unie van Suid-Afrika (Afrikaans); Goeverneur-generaal van de Unie van Zuid-Afrika (Dutch)
	Coat of arms of South Africa
	Flag of the governor-general
	Viceregal
Style	His Excellency
Status	Abolished
Residence	Government House
Appointer	Monarch of South Africa
Constituting instrument	South Africa Act 1909
Formation	31 May 1910
First holder	Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone
Final holder	Charles Robberts Swart
Abolished	31 May 1961

The governor-general of the Union of South Africa (Afrikaans: Goewerneur-generaal van Unie van Suid-Afrika; Dutch: Goeverneur-generaal van de Unie van Zuid-Afrika^[a]) was the highest state official in the Union of South Africa between 31 May 1910 and 31 May 1961. The Union of South Africa was founded as a self-governing Dominion of the British Empire in 1910 and the office of governor-general was established as the representative of the monarch. Fifty-one years later the country declared itself a republic and the historic link with the British monarchy was broken. The office of governor-general was abolished.^[1]

Some of the first holders of the post were members of the British royal family including Prince Arthur of Connaught between 1920 and 1924, and Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, who served between 1924 and 1931, before becoming the governor general of Canada. As in other Dominions, this would change, and from 1943 onward only South Africans (in fact, only Afrikaners) held the office.

The office was established by the South Africa Act 1909. Until the Balfour Declaration of 1926 the governor-general was the representative of the British government in South Africa and was appointed by the Colonial Office in London. After the declaration and the Statute of Westminster 1931 the governor-general was appointed by the king or queen on the advice of the South African government. Although the governor-general was nominally the country's chief executive, in practice he was bound by convention to act on the advice of the prime minister and the cabinet of South Africa.

Republicanism

The Afrikaner-dominated National Party, which came to power in 1948, was avowedly republican and regarded South Africa's personal union with the United Kingdom and other realms within the Commonwealth of Nations as a relic of British imperialism. In the interim, the National Party used the governor-general's post as a sinecure for retired National Party ministers. The two governors-general appointed after 1948, Ernest George Jansen and Charles Robberts Swart, chose not to wear the traditional court uniform nor even to take an oath of allegiance to the monarch.

In 1957, God Save the Queen ceased to have equal status with Die Stem van Suid-Afrika as a national anthem, and the Union Flag similarly ceased to have equal status with the South African flag.

However, it was not until 1960 that Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd advised Governor-General Swart to hold a referendum on the issue. After several protests regarding the lowering of the voting age to 18, and the inclusion of white voters in South West Africa, on 5 October 1960 white South Africans were asked: Are you in favour of a Republic for the Union? The result was 52 per cent in favour of the change.

Swart, the last governor-general, asked Queen Elizabeth II to relieve him of his duties on 30 April 1961, after he signed the new republican constitution into law. Chief Justice Lucas Cornelius Steyn became Officer Administering the Government under a transitional arrangement until 31 May 1961, when the Republic of South Africa was declared and Swart became the first state president of South Africa.

List of governors-general of South Africa

The following is a list of people who served as governor-general of South Africa from independence in 1910 to the establishment of a republic in 1961.

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Monarch
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Monarch
1		Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone (1854–1930)	31 May 1910	8 September 1914	4 years, 100 days	George V (r. 1910–1936)
2		Sydney Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton (1853–1934)	8 September 1914	17 November 1920	6 years, 70 days
3		Prince Arthur of Connaught (1883–1938)	17 November 1920	21 January 1924	3 years, 65 days
4		Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone (1874–1957)	21 January 1924	26 January 1931	7 years, 5 days
5		George Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon (1877–1955)	26 January 1931	5 April 1937	6 years, 69 days
						Edward VIII (r. 1936)
						George VI (r. 1936–1952)
6		Sir Patrick Duncan^[2] (1870–1943)	5 April 1937	17 July 1943	6 years, 103 days
7		Gideon Brand van Zyl (1873–1956)	1 January 1946	1 January 1951	5 years
8		Ernest George Jansen (1881–1959)	1 January 1951	25 November 1959	8 years, 328 days
8		Ernest George Jansen (1881–1959)	1 January 1951	25 November 1959	8 years, 328 days	Elizabeth II (r. 1952–1961)
9		Charles Robberts Swart (1894–1982)	11 December 1959	30 April 1961	1 year, 140 days	Elizabeth II (r. 1952–1961)