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Carl Panzram

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Carl Panzram
Panzram in 1915
Born
Charles Panzram

(1891-06-28)June 28, 1891
Near East Grand Forks, Minnesota, U.S.
DiedSeptember 5, 1930(1930-09-05) (aged 39)
USP Leavenworth, Kansas, U.S.
Other namesJefferson Baldwin
Cooper John II
Harry Panzram
Jack Allen
Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Rhodes
John King
John O'Leary
John Ape
Years active1899–1929
Notable workKiller: A Journal of Murder
Motive
Conviction(s)First degree murder
Countless burglaries, larcenies, robberies, assaults, and escapes
Sodomy
Criminal penaltyDeath by hanging
Details
Location(s)United States: Minnesota; Montana; Kansas; California; Texas; Oregon; Idaho; New York; Washington, D.C.; Rhode Island; Connecticut; Maryland; Philadelphia
Portuguese Angola: Luanda Province
Killed5 confirmed
21 confessed
100+ suspected
Imprisoned at≈100 jails
Seven prisons

Charles "Carl" Panzram (June 28, 1891 – September 5, 1930) was an American serial killer, spree killer, mass murderer, rapist, child molester, arsonist, robber, thief and burglar. In prison confessions and in his autobiography, Panzram confessed to having murdered twenty-one boys and men, only five of which could be corroborated; he is suspected of having killed more than a hundred boys and men in the United States alone, and several more in Portuguese Angola.

Panzram also confessed to having committed more than a thousand acts of rape against males of all ages. After a lifetime of crime, during which he served many prison terms and escaped from many prisons, Panzram was executed by hanging in 1930 for the murder of a prison employee at the United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas.

Early life

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Carl Panzram was born on June 28, 1891, on a farm near East Grand Forks, Minnesota, the sixth of seven children born to East Prussian immigrants Johann "John" Gottlieb Panzram and Mathilda Elizabeth "Lizzie" Panzram (née Bolduan[1]).

Panzram and his six siblings were made to work on the family farm from a young age until truancy laws came into effect. Panzram's parents, angry about having their children sent to school during the day, forced them to work in the fields throughout the night instead; Panzram later reported he would receive just two hours of sleep before he would have to get up for school. Punishments in the household ranged from being bound by chains to being starved.

Panzram later reflected on his early childhood with the sentiment that he was not liked by other children; by the age of five he claimed that he was a liar and thief, and recalled that he became meaner the older he grew.[2] Panzram's father abandoned the family when he was seven years old. Eventually, four of his five older brothers left as well; one of them drowned.

Early criminal record

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Minnesota Correctional Facility – Red Wing, where Panzram was incarcerated from 1903 to 1906.

Panzram's run-ins with the law started in 1899, at age 8, when he was charged in juvenile court with being drunk and disorderly, and in 1903, at age 11, when he was arrested and jailed for being drunk and "incorrigible."[3] Not long after this second arrest, Panzram stole cake, apples and a revolver from a neighbor's home.

In October 1903, Panzram's mother sent him to the Minnesota State Training School, purportedly a reform school; Panzram later wrote in his autobiography, however, that he was repeatedly beaten, tortured and raped by staff members, in a workshop the children dubbed "the paint shop" due to leaving the room "painted" with bruises and blood. Panzram hated the school so much that he decided to burn it down, and did so successfully and without detection on July 7, 1905.[2]: 11 [4]

In January 1906, Panzram was paroled from Red Wing Training School, where he had been detained after stealing money from his mother's pocketbook.[5][6] By his early-teens Panzram exhibited alcoholism and had a lengthy criminal rap sheet, mostly for burglary and robbery offenses. At age 14, a couple of weeks after his parole and two weeks after attempting to kill a Lutheran cleric with a revolver,[fn 1] Panzram ran away from home to live on the streets. He often traveled via train cars, and later recalled having been gang raped by a group of homeless men on one of these occasions.

Crimes

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Early crimes

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In the summer of 1906, Panzram was arrested for burglary in Butte, Montana, and sentenced to one year's imprisonment at Montana State Reform School in Miles City. He later claimed that after a guard punished him, he assaulted and critically injured the man with a wooden board; as punishment, Panzram had to spend some time in solitary confinement. The following year, Panzram and a fellow inmate named James Benson escaped from Montana State Reform School and stole guns in Terry, Montana. In the coming weeks, Panzram and Benson repeatedly broke into stores and burned down buildings, especially churches, in acts of arson. In Fargo, North Dakota, the two men separated.

Later in 1907, after getting drunk in a Helena, Montana, saloon, Panzram enlisted in the United States Army and was assigned to the 6th Infantry at Fort William Henry Harrison. Refusing to take orders from officers and being generally insubordinate, he was convicted of larceny for stealing $80 worth of supplies and served a prison sentence in the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, between 1908 and 1910, with U.S. Secretary of War William Howard Taft officially approving Panzram's sentence. Panzram later claimed that while he had been a "rotten egg" before imprisonment at the military penitentiary, "any shred of goodness left in him was smashed out" during his time at Fort Leavenworth.[7]

After his release and dishonorable discharge, Panzram resumed his criminal activities as a thief. Stealing items that ranged from bicycles to yachts, he was caught and imprisoned multiple times. He served prison sentences both under his own name and various aliases in: Fresno, California; Rusk, Texas; The Dalles, Oregon; Harrison, Idaho; Butte, Montana; Montana State Prison; Oregon State Penitentiary; Bridgeport, Connecticut (as "John O'Leary"); Sing Sing Correctional Facility, New York; Clinton Correctional Facility, New York; and Washington, D.C. and Leavenworth, Kansas. While incarcerated, Panzram frequently attacked guards and refused to follow their orders. The guards retaliated, subjecting him to beatings and other punishments.[8]

In his autobiography, Panzram wrote that he was "rage personified" and that he would often rape men whom he had robbed. He was noted for his large stature and great physical strength—due to years of hard labor at Leavenworth and other prisons—which aided him in overpowering most men;[8] he also engaged in vandalism and arson. By his own admission, one of the few times Panzram did not engage in criminal activities was when he was employed as a strikebreaker against union employees. On one occasion, he tried to sign aboard as a ship's steward on an Army transport vessel but was discharged when he reported to work intoxicated.[7] The last thing that he had stolen before he was caught was a radio.

Escalating violence

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Panzram claimed in his autobiography that after escaping from a chain gang sentence at Rusk, Texas, he went to Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, in the winter of 1910 to try to enlist in the Federales. He took a train to Del Rio, Texas, and got off in a small town 50 to 100 miles (80 to 161 km) east of El Paso. He later claimed to have abducted, assaulted and strangled a man about a mile from the town and then stolen $35 from the victim.[9]

In the summer of 1911, Panzram, going by the alias "Jefferson Davis", was arrested in Fresno, California, for stealing a bicycle. He was sentenced to six months in county jail, but escaped after thirty days.[10] Panzram later claimed that after his escape, while riding on a boxcar in California, he disarmed an armed man he either called a "railway detective" or a "railway brakeman", whom he then forced to rape a homeless man at gunpoint, before throwing both of them off the train. He proceeded to Oregon, where he made a living as a logger.

Panzram admitted years later that once, when hiding in a bordello, his wallet was stolen and he was infected with gonorrhea; he also became paranoid. In 1913, Panzram, going by the alias "Jack Allen", was arrested in The Dalles, Oregon, for highway robbery, assault and sodomy. He broke out of jail after two months. He was later arrested in Harrison, Idaho, but again he escaped from county jail. He was again arrested in Chinook, Montana, and sentenced to one year in prison for burglary, to be served at the Montana State Prison.

Panzram, under the alias "Jefferson Davis" at Montana State Prison, c. 1913.
The cell block at Montana State Prison that housed Panzram from 1913 to 1915.

On April 27, 1913, Panzram, using his "Jefferson Davis" alias, was admitted to the Montana State Prison at Deer Lodge, Montana. He escaped on November 13. Within a week, he was arrested for burglary in Three Forks, giving his name as "Jeff Rhoades". He was incarcerated at Deer Lodge for an additional year. By his own account he committed sodomy while imprisoned. Panzram was released on March 3, 1915, with a new suit of clothing, $5 and a ticket to the next town six miles away. He rode the rails through Washington State, Idaho, Nebraska and South Dakota via the Columbia River. On June 1, he burglarized a house in Astoria, Oregon, where he was soon arrested while attempting to sell some of the stolen items.

Panzram's 1915 mugshot at the Oregon State Penitentiary.
Oregon State Penitentiary in 1892.

Under the name "Jeff Baldwin", Panzram was sentenced to seven years in prison, to be served at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem, where he was taken on June 24, 1915. Fifty-year-old Warden Harry Minto believed in harsh treatment of inmates, including beatings and isolation, among other disciplinary measures. Later, Panzram stated that he swore he "would never do that seven years and I defied the warden and all his officers to make me."[8] Later that year, Panzram helped fellow inmate Otto Hooker escape from the prison. While attempting to evade recapture, Hooker killed Minto. This event marked Panzram's first known involvement in a murder, as an accessory before the fact.[8] In his prison record which noted his two aliases, "Jefferson Davis" and "Jeff Rhodes", he falsely gave his age as 30, and his place of birth as Alabama. His only truthful statement was when he stated his occupation as "thief".

Panzram was disciplined several times while at Salem, including sixty-one days in solitary confinement, before escaping on September 18, 1917. After two shootouts, in which he attempted to shoot Chief Deputy Sheriff Joseph Frum, Panzram was recaptured and returned to the prison. On May 12, 1918, he escaped again by sawing through the bars of his cell[11] and caught a freight train heading east. He began going by the name "John O'Leary" and shaved off his mustache to change his appearance. Panzram would never return to the Pacific Northwest.[8] He allegedly ended up in New York City, got a Seaman Identification card and sailed on the steamship James S. Whitney to Panama. There, he tried to steal a small boat with the help of a drunken sailor, who killed everyone on board and was arrested. Still free, Panzram travelled to Peru to work in a copper mine. After that, he traveled to Chile; Port Arthur, Texas; London; Edinburgh; Paris and Hamburg.

Murder spree

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In 1920, Panzram committed a robbery in Newport, Rhode Island. On September 16, 1920, he burglarized the Taft Mansion in New Haven, Connecticut, a residence of William Howard Taft, by that time a former U.S. President. Panzram specifically targeted the mansion out of animus he had been holding against Taft since his incarceration at Fort Leavenworth. He stole a large amount of jewellery and bonds,[fn 2] as well as Taft's Colt M1911 .45 caliber handgun.[13]

Using Taft's stolen money, Panzram bought a small sailing yacht, the Akista, and embarked on an eight-year-long murder spree which spanned several countries and involved multiple victims. Sailing south to New York City, for three months Panzram lured sailors away from port bars onto the yacht, made them drunk before raping them and then murdered the men with Taft's stolen pistol, subsequently dumping their bodies near Execution Rocks Light in Long Island Sound. Panzram later claimed to have killed ten men in this manner.[14] The sailor murders ended only after Akista ran aground and sank near Atlantic City, New Jersey, during which his last two potential victims escaped to parts unknown.[15] On October 26, Panzram was arrested in Stamford, Connecticut, for burglary and possession of a loaded handgun. In 1921, he served six months in jail in Bridgeport, Connecticut.[16]

After being released, Panzram caught a ship to southern Africa and landed in Luanda, the capital of colonial Portuguese Angola. By late 1921, Panzram was foreman of an oil rig in Angola, which he later burned down out of what he said was "spitefulness." Shortly after, he decided to seek out a virgin girl.[2] Panzram paid a resident Angola family 80 escudos (US$8) and, in exchange, was given a 12-year-old girl, whom he raped in his shack that night. He returned the girl to her family demanding his money back on suspicion of the girl not being an actual virgin. The family then gave Panzram an 8-year-old girl, whom he also raped in his shack, but who was eventually taken back to the family because he suspected that she too was not a virgin. He then claimed that he raped and killed an Angolan boy estimated to be eleven or twelve years old. In his confession to this murder, he wrote: "His brains were coming out of his ears when I left him and he will never be any deader." He also claimed that he hired a boat with six rowers, shot the rowers with a Luger pistol and threw their bodies to the crocodiles.[7]

After his return to the U.S., Panzram asserted he raped and killed two small boys,[7] beating one to death with a rock on July 18, 1922, in Salem, Massachusetts,[fn 3][18] and strangling the other later that year near New Haven.[fn 4] After his murder spree in Salem, Panzram worked as a night watchman in Yonkers, New York, north of Manhattan, at the Abeeco Mill factory. In Providence, Rhode Island, he stole a yawl and sailed to New Haven, seeking victims to rob and rape, and boats to steal. In June 1923, in New Rochelle, New York, Panzram stole a yacht belonging to the local police chief. He picked up a 15-year-old boy named George Walosin and promised him a job on the boat, but instead sodomized him.

On June 27, on the river near Kingston, New York, Panzram claimed to have picked a man up but, believing the man was going to attempt to rob him, used a .38 caliber pistol from the stolen yacht to kill the John Doe victim. Panzram threw the body into the river.[10] On June 28, Panzram and Walosin docked at Poughkeepsie. Panzram stole $1,000 worth of fishing nets. At Newburgh, Walosin, having witnessed the murder the day before, jumped overboard and swam to shore. He reported to police in Yonkers that he had been sexually assaulted by Panzram. An alert went out for "Captain John O'Leary". On June 29, "O'Leary" was arrested in Nyack.

On July 9, Panzram tried to escape from jail. He later conned his lawyer by giving him ownership of a stolen boat in return for bail money. He then skipped bail, and the boat was confiscated by government agents. On August 26, "O'Leary" was arrested in Larchmont, New York, after breaking into a train depot. Three days later, on August 29, "O'Leary" was cleared as a suspect in the stabbing death of Dorothy Kaufman of Greenburgh, committed a month prior.[32] He was sentenced to five years' imprisonment for the break-in. While in county jail, he confessed to the alias "Jeff Baldwin", and that he was wanted in Oregon for the murder of Minto. After first being imprisoned in Sing Sing Prison, in October, Panzram was imprisoned at Clinton Prison in Dannemora as Inmate #75182. While there he tried to escape but ended up with an injured spine and broken ankles. He was discharged in July 1928, and he allegedly committed another murder that summer in Baltimore, Maryland.

Final capture

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Panzram's 1928 mugshot, taken after his ultimate arrest in Washington, D.C.

On August 30, 1928, Panzram was arrested in Baltimore for a Washington, D.C. burglary – stealing a radio and jewelry from the home of a dentist on August 20. Three men were also arrested as accomplices and most of the jewelry was recovered. Panzram gave his correct name, although he lied by claiming his age as 41 and that he was from Nevada.[33] During his interrogation, he confessed to killing three young boys earlier that month – one in Salem, one in Connecticut, and a 14-year-old newsboy in Philadelphia.[30][34][fn 5] Panzram's confession to killing a boy at Pier 28 on League island near Philadelphia in August 1928 was confirmed.[37] Boston police were unable to corroborate his other confession, the murder of a boy in Charlestown, Massachusetts.[38] Panzram later wrote that he had contemplated mass murders and other acts of mayhem, such as poisoning a city's water supply with arsenic, or scuttling a British warship in New York Harbor to provoke a war between the United States and Britain.[7]

Panzram's 1928 mugshot at United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth.
USP Leavenworth

In light of his extensive criminal record, Panzram was sentenced to 25-years-to-life. Upon arriving at Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, identified as inmate #31614, he warned the warden: "I'll kill the first man that bothers me". Because he was considered too psychotic he was assigned to work alone in the prison laundry room, where the foreman, Robert Warnke, was known to bully and harass other prisoners under him. Warnke soon antagonized Panzram, despite the latter repeatedly warning him to back off. On June 20, 1929, Panzram beat Warnke to death with an iron bar. He was convicted and sentenced to death.[39] He refused to allow any appeals of his sentence. In response to offers from death penalty opponents and human rights activists to intervene, he wrote: "The only thanks you and your kind will ever get from me for your efforts on my behalf is that I wish you all had one neck and that I had my hands on it."[8]

While on death row, Panzram was befriended by an officer named Henry Philip Lesser, who would give him money to buy cigarettes.[40][41] Panzram was so astonished by this act of kindness that, after Lesser provided him with writing materials, Panzram wrote a detailed summary of his crimes and nihilistic philosophy while awaiting execution. Panzram explicitly denied having any remorse for any of his actions[42] and began his journal with the statement that: "In my lifetime I have murdered 21 human beings, I have committed thousands of burglaries, robberies, larcenies, arsons and, last but not least, I have committed sodomy on more than 1,000 male human beings. For all these things I am not in the least bit sorry. I have no conscience so that does not worry me."[2][fn 6]

Execution

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Panzram was hanged on September 5, 1930. As officers attempted to place the customary black-hood over his head, he spat in the executioner's face.[43] When asked for any last words, he responded: "Yes. Hurry it up, you Hoosier bastard; I could kill a dozen men while you're screwing around!"

Legacy

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Former prison guard Henry Lesser preserved Panzram's letters and autobiographical manuscript. He spent the next four decades trying to have this material published. In 1980, Lesser donated Panzram's materials to the San Diego State University, where they are housed as the "Carl Panzram papers" in Malcolm A. Love Library.[44] Writers Thomas E. Gaddis and Joe Long co-wrote Killer: A Journal of Murder (1970). They had consulted with Lesser who let them draw from Panzram's manuscript for their work.[44] In 2005, Fantagraphics Books published Joe Coleman's comic book Muzlers, Guzzlers, and Good Yeggs, which included a section dedicated to the life and times of Carl Panzram.[45]

Films

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The Yugoslav film Strangler vs. Strangler (Davitelj protiv davitelja) (1984), about an ostensible serial killer, opens with a Panzram quote: "I wish you all had one neck and my hands were around it."[45]: 118  The German horror film Schramm begins with a quote of Panzram: "Today I am dirty, but tomorrow I'll be just dirt."[45]: 122  Filmmaker John Borowski released a documentary, Carl Panzram: The Spirit of Hatred and Vengeance (2012). And also, the 1995 film, "Killer: A Journal of Murder", starring James Woods as Carl Panzram.

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Panzram tried to shoot the teacher; the plot miscarried, and he was thrown out of school.
  2. ^ Panzram claimed the jewelry and bonds were worth $40,000. Taft reported that his wife's jewelry was worth only a few thousand dollars.[12]
  3. ^ The Massachusetts victim was identified as Henry McMahon.[17]
  4. ^ New London, Connecticut, police announced in October 1928 they were unable to corroborate Panzram's confession,[19] but in August 1923, a crime scene consistent with Panzram's description was discovered near New Haven.[20] The Connecticut Bridgeport Telegram published reports on the decomposed unknown victim remains found on August 10 (p.1) and August 11, 1923 (p.10).[21] Another report of the murdered victim appeared in the Connecticut newspaper The Day.[22] The Connecticut victim was killed by strangulation; because of the condition of the remains the Coroner ordered "John Doe" buried August 11, 1923.[23] The John Doe had brown hair, was estimated to be approximately 20-years-old, measured 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m), and weighed around 150 lb (68 kg). He wore a striped brown suit and had a chauffeur's cap under one arm. The cause of death was determined to be strangulation via a belt drawn tightly around the neck.[24] A handkerchief with a wad of cotton inside had also been tied around his mouth. Two wounds on the victim's chest were initially mistaken for gunshots but were later theorized to be injuries caused by the killer's shoes when holding the victim down.[25] Panzram confessed to the murder in 1928, claiming that he had lured the victim into the woods before sexually assaulting and strangling him.[26][2]: 38  Panzram stated that the victim was a 16-year-old Jewish boy who wore thick glasses[26] and was the son or nephew of a New York policeman.[27][28][29][30] A first degree murder warrant was issued for Panzram,[31] but proceedings were interrupted when he murdered a prison guard the following year, for which he was subsequently executed.
  5. ^ Luszock's surname was also given as Uszacke, Lusszzock,[35] Uszacke, Lusszzock.[36]
  6. ^ Panzram did, however, express some remorse, though half-nihilistic, on the next page: “I am sorry for only two things. These two things are: I am sorry that I have mistreated some few animals in my lifetime and I am sorry that I am unable to murder the whole damned human race.”

Footnotes

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  1. ^ "Minnesota, County Marriages, 1860-1949: John Panzram and Mathilda Bolduan, 1878". FamilySearch.org. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e Panzram, Carl. Lesser, Henry (ed.). "Panzram Papers" (PDF). Special Collections & University Archives, Carl Panzram Papers, 1928-1980, Box 1, Folder 3: Typescript of Panzram Manuscript: Part I, Section 1, c. 1928-1930: San Diego State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ^ "Carl Panzram letter". bing.com. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  4. ^ Nash, Jay Robert. "Carl Panzram: Serial Killer as Monster". annalsofcrime.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. ^ "Panzam Will Be Paroled". The Evening Times. Grand Forks, North Dakota: Published online at chroniclingamerica.loc.gov Library of Congress. January 26, 1906. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  6. ^ Gado, Mark. "Carl Panzram: Too Evil To Live, Part I". truTV. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008.
  7. ^ a b c d e Gaddis, Thomas E.; Long, James O. (1970). Killer: A Journal of Murder. Macmillan.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Carl Panzram". Serial Killer Calendar. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
  9. ^ El Paso Evening Post, January 2, 1929, p. 9. Officials could not confirm Panzram claim.
  10. ^ a b "True Crime XL: Carl Panzram". Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  11. ^ The Tacoma times. [volume], May 13, 1918, Image 1 "Oregon's Prize Bad Man Breaks Jail
  12. ^ "Tells Police He Killed 2, Robbed Homes". The Republican-Journal. October 6, 1928. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
  13. ^ New Britain herald. [microfilm reel], September 17, 1920, Image 1 "Rob Taft's Home"
  14. ^ Possible Confirmation[?] On August 20, 1920, the body of a unknown man was found in New York Bay off Staten Island"Found Man drowned in Bay". Staten Island Advance. August 20, 1920. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018.
  15. ^ "yacht, the Akiska". google.com. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  16. ^ "True Crime XL; Carl Panzram". Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  17. ^ "Man is Arrested as Slayer-Fiend". The Norwalk Hour. October 27, 1928. p. 1.
  18. ^ "Women Identify Seamen in Death". The Pittsburgh Press. November 2, 1928. p. 28. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  19. ^ "Says He Murdered Boy". The Montreal Gazette. Vol. CLVII, no. 258. October 27, 1928. p. 16. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  20. ^ "Confesses Three Murders". The Reading Eagle. November 3, 1928. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  21. ^ "John Doe near New Haven found August 1923". Ancestry.com. August 18, 2016. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  22. ^ "Body of Murdered Man unidentified". The Day. August 10, 1923. p. 12.
  23. ^ "No Clue to Murderer". New Britain Herald. New Britain, Connecticut: Republished online at chroniclingamerica.loc.gov, Library of Congress. August 11, 1923. p. 1. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  24. ^ "New Haven Murder Victim Unidentified". Hartford Courant. August 11, 1923. Retrieved January 20, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ "Murder Mystery Solution Rests on Autopsy Result". The Bridgeport Telegram. August 10, 1923. Retrieved January 16, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ^ a b "Self-Confessed Degenerate Slayer of Boys Held at Washington". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. October 27, 1928. Retrieved July 27, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ "Panzram Gives Slaying Account". Lewiston Evening Journal. November 3, 1928. Retrieved April 20, 2022 – via news.google.com.
  28. ^ "Panzram Killed a Boy in New London". Lewiston Daily Sun. October 26, 1928. p. 1.
  29. ^ "Panzram Gives Slaying Account". Lewiston Evening Journal. November 3, 1928. p. 10.
  30. ^ a b "Panzram Relates Murder Details". The Evening Star. Republished online at chroniclingamerica.loc.gov, Library of Congress. October 27, 1928. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  31. ^ "Jailed on Minor Charge, Confesses to Killing". The Daily Times. Salisburg, Maryland. November 3, 1928. Retrieved July 27, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ "Eliminate Ex-Convict from Murder Probe". The Evening Star. Washington, DC: republished online at chroniclingamerica.loc.gov, Library of Congress. August 30, 1923. p. 23. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  33. ^ "Four Taken in Looting at Capital Residence". Evening Star. Washington, DC. September 1, 1928. p. 2. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  34. ^ "Tells Police He Killed two, Robbs Homes". The Republican-Journal. Ogdensburg, New York. October 6, 1928. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  35. ^ "Accountability--The Carl Panzram Story". Crime News Info. September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018.
  36. ^ "Man is Arrested as Slayer-Fiend". The Norwalk Hour. October 27, 1928. Retrieved April 20, 2022 – via news.google.com.
  37. ^ "Burglar at Taft's Admits Two Murders". Stevens Point Journal. October 8, 1928.
  38. ^ Syracuse Journal, October 6, 1928, Syracuse, New York
  39. ^ "Corrections Employee Robert George Warnke". The Officer Down Memorial Page. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  40. ^ Social Security Death Index: Henry Lesser, born November 8, 1902, died October 27, 1983, SSN issued from District of Columbia, last residence and benefit to Los Angeles, California.
  41. ^ California Death Index: Henry Philip Lesser born November 8, 1902, Massachusetts, died October 27, 1983, Los Angeles County.
  42. ^ Panzram, C. (2002). Panzram: A Journal of Murder. Amok Press. ISBN 1-878923-14-5.
  43. ^ Earley, Pete (1993). The Hot House. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-56023-9.
  44. ^ a b Carl Panzram papers, 1928–1982 in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
  45. ^ a b c Coleman, Joe (2005). "Chapter III: Carl Panzram #31614". In Reynolds, Eric (ed.). Muzlers, Guzzlers, and Good Yeggs. Fantagraphics Books. ISBN 1560976284.
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