Jump to content

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

Coordinates: 44°56′45″N 93°06′28″W / 44.94583°N 93.10778°W / 44.94583; -93.10778
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Archdiocese of Saint Paul)
Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

Archidiœcesis Paulopolitana et Minneapolitana
The Cathedral of Saint Paul
The Cathedral of Saint Paul in Saint Paul
The Co-Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mary in Minneapolis
Location
Country United States
Ecclesiastical provinceSaint Paul and Minneapolis
Statistics
Area6,187 sq mi (16,020 km2)
Population
- Total
- Catholics		(as of 2017)
3,337,219
870,490 (26.1%)
Parishes186
Information
DenominationCatholic
Sui iuris churchLatin Church
RiteRoman Rite
EstablishedJuly 19, 1850 (174 years ago)
CathedralCathedral of Saint Paul (Saint Paul)
Co-cathedralBasilica of Saint Mary (Minneapolis)
Patron saintSaint Paul (Primary)
Saint John Vianney (Secondary)[1]
Secular priests340 diocesan (208 active, non-retired)
78 religious[2]
Current leadership
PopeFrancis
ArchbishopBernard Hebda
Auxiliary BishopsMichael Izen
Kevin Kenney
Vicar GeneralMichael Tix, Charles Lachowitzer
Judicial VicarMichael C. Johnson
Bishops emeritusJohn Clayton Nienstedt
Lee A. Piché
Map
Website
archspm.org
Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
Barry-wavy of eight azure and argent, a sword in pale, point down, the grasp and guard shaped as a cross-patonce, between two crosses-patonce in fess gules.[3]

The arms of the diocese features a field of waves representing Minnesota (from the Dakota mní sóta, "clear blue water"). The sword is a traditional symbol of Saint Paul the Apostle. Combined with the sword, the two crosses honor the Trinity.[3] More recently, the double crosses have been taken to represent the Twin Cities of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.[4]

The Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Latin: Archidiœcesis Paulopolitana et Minneapolitana) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in the United States. It is led by an archbishop who administers the archdiocese from the cities of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The archbishop has both a cathedral and co-cathedral: the mother church – the Cathedral of Saint Paul in Saint Paul, and the co-cathedral, the Basilica of Saint Mary[5] in Minneapolis.

The archdiocese has 188 parish churches in twelve counties of Minnesota. It counts in its membership an approximate total of 750,000 people. It has two seminaries, the Saint Paul Seminary and Saint John Vianney College Seminary. Its official newspaper is The Catholic Spirit.

History

[edit]

Pre-Diocesan

[edit]

The first Catholic presence in present day Minnesota was recorded in 1680. Louis Hennepin, a Belgian Franciscan Recollect and explorer, found a waterfall on the upper Mississippi River. Hennepin named the waterfall the Chutes de Saint-Antoine or St. Anthony Falls after his patron saint, Anthony of Padua. The French formally claimed the territory in 1689.[6]

In 1727, René Boucher de La Perrière and Michel Guignas built Fort Beauharnois on the shore of Lake Pepin. They established St. Michael the Archangel, the first Catholic chapel in Minnesota. The French abandoned the fort and the chapel in the 1750s during the French and Indian War.[6] After the war ended, the Spanish took over the French territories in the Great Plains and Old Northwest, including Minnesota. Some French-speaking colonists from Switzerland moved from their original settlements near Fort Garry in Manitoba to a location close to Saint Anthony Falls. The settlement became known as Saint Pierre.

After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States gained control of vast areas in the continent, including present day Minnesota. Pope Leo XII in 1826 erected the Diocese of Saint Louis, giving it jurisdiction over Minnesota and other parts of the region.[2] In 1837, the Vatican erected the Diocese of Dubuque, with jurisdiction over the new Wisconsin Territory, which included Minnesota.[2]

Bishop Mathias Loras of Dubuque in 1839 visited Fort Snelling and Saint Pierre. In 1840, Loras sent Lucien Galtier to Minnesota as a missionary. Galtier learned that a group of Catholic from the Red River Colony had settled on the east bank of the Mississippi River. He decided that it was a good location for a church as it was near a steamboat landing. Two French settlers offered a location for a church, and other settlers provided materials and labor to build a log chapel. Galtier wrote, "I had previously to this time fixed my residence at Saint Peter's and as the name of Paul is generally connected with that of Peter... I called it Saint Paul."[7] With the gradual increase of population about the chapel, the community developed into a village known as Saint Paul's Landing.

Diocese of Saint Paul (1850-1888)

[edit]

Joseph Crétin

[edit]
Avoca historical marker

Pope Pius IX on July 19, 1850 erected the Diocese of Saint Paul in Minnesota, taking its territory from the Diocese of Dubuque. The new diocese covered all of the new Minnesota Territory, which included Minnesota and the future states of North Dakota and South Dakota.[8] The pope named Monsignor Joseph Crétin of St. Louis as the first bishop of Saint Paul in Minnesota.

In addition to the French Canadians large contingents of Irish and German Catholics arrived, who located in St. Paul, and in places along the Mississippi, St. Croix, and Minnesota Rivers.[9] In 1851, the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet came to St. Paul, and soon opened schools at St. Paul and St. Anthony Falls.

Thomas Grace

[edit]

In 1859, Reverend Thomas Grace was named Bishop of St. Paul. The number of Catholics in the diocese continued to grow, with many coming from Bohemia and Poland. The number of priests grew with the increase of the people, and they were so chosen as to correspond to the needs of the parishes. Hospitals were opened at Minneapolis and New Ulm, orphan asylums were erected at St. Paul and Minneapolis, and homes were established for the aged poor.[9] In 1875, the Diocese of Saint Paul was transferred from the ecclesiastical province of St. Louis to that of Milwaukee. John Ireland was appointed coadjutor to Bishop Grace, whom he succeeded in 1884.

Archdiocese of Saint Paul (1888-1966)

[edit]

John Ireland

[edit]
Main article: John Ireland (bishop)
Archbishop Ireland

John Ireland was known as a strong-willed figure, and was called the "consecrated blizzard of the Northwest".[10] During his time as bishop, he established the College of Saint Thomas, Saint Paul Seminary, and Saint Thomas Academy. He constructed the Cathedral of Saint Paul and the Basilica of Saint Mary. Pope Leo XIII elevated the see to the rank of archdiocese on May 4, 1888, and its name was changed to reflect this.[11] Pope Leo XIII erected the Diocese of Winona in 1889, taking southern Minnesota from the Archdiocese of Saint Paul.[12]

While he was an empire builder, Ireland was not without controversy; the author of The Church and Modern Society (1897), Ireland opposed the use of foreign languages in American Catholic churches and parochial schools. National (ethnic) parishes were common at the time because of the large influx of immigrants to the U.S. from European countries. In this, he differed from Michael Corrigan, Archbishop of New York, who believed that the more quickly Catholics gave up their native languages, customs, and traditions in order to assimilate into a Protestant culture, the sooner they would forsake their religion as well. Different views on the so-called "Americanization" of the Catholic Church in the United States split the hierarchy in the 1890s. Ireland's insistence on Americanization led to the unfortunate circumstance of Ruthenian Catholic priest Alexis Toth and his congregation becoming Russian Orthodox. Ireland died on September 25, 1918.

Austin Dowling

[edit]
Main article: Austin Dowling

On January 31, 1919, Pope Benedict XV appointed Austin Dowling to succeed Ireland. In his address at his installation on March 25, 1919, Dowling described himself as "the unknown, the unexpected, [and] the undistinguished successor of the great Archbishop Ireland."[13] Downling's legacy included establishing Nazareth Hall Preparatory Seminary and the Archbishop Ireland's Education Fund. He improved Saint Paul Seminary and was on the board of Education of the National Catholic Welfare Council (or "NCWC," now known as the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops or USCCB). Specifically, author Marvin O'Connell credited Dowling as "one of the leading lights" from the NCWC's inception, who headed NCWC's education department, which put him in direct contact with the Catholic Education Association.[14] He passed away on November 29, 1930.

John Gregory Murray

[edit]
Main article: John Gregory Murray

Murray was appointed by Pius XI as the third archbishop of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul on October 29, 1931.

In 1941, the archdiocese hosted the Ninth National Eucharistic Congress, which attracted hundreds of thousands of attendees and culminated in a Eucharistic procession that involved 80,000 people. Events for the congress were held at the Minnesota State Fairgrounds, Saint Paul Union Depot, the Minneapolis Auditorium, the St. Paul Auditorium, the Cathedral of St. Paul and the Basilica of St. Mary elsewhere in Minnesota.[15]

On June 16, 1956, Pope Pius XII appointed Bishop Brady Coadjutor Archbishop of St. Paul, Minnesota due to Murray's failing health. Murray died of cancer in St. Paul on October 11, 1956, at age 79. He is interred at Resurrection Cemetery in Mendota Heights, Minnesota.

William O. Brady

[edit]
Main article: William O. Brady

Brady succeeded John Gregory Murray as Archbishop of St. Paul upon Murray's death on October 11, 1956.[16]

On November 18, 1957, Pope Pius XII founded the Diocese of New Ulm, taking its territory from the Archdiocese of Saint Paul.[16] [17] The pope named Monsignor Alphonse Schladweiler of Saint Paul as the first bishop of New Ulm.

Brady died on October 1, 1961.

Leo Binz

[edit]
Main article: Leo Binz

On December 16, 1961 Pope John XXIII named Binz the seventh bishop and fifth archbishop of Saint Paul. He was installed on April 28, 1962.

Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (1966-present)

[edit]

On July 11, 1966 the Holy See altered the name of the archdiocese to reflect the equal stature of the Twin Cities by naming the Basilica of Saint Mary in Minneapolis as co-cathedral of the archdiocese and adding Minneapolis to the title of the archdiocese. Subsequently, Leo Binz was the first archbishop to hold the title of Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.

As seminary enrollment declined, Nazareth Hall Preparatory Seminary was closed down in 1971, with Saint John Vianney College Seminary established in 1968 as a replacement for the old high school system.

As Binz's health began to decline, he requested and received a coadjutor. Pope Paul VI named the Coadjutor Bishop of Wichita Leo Christopher Byrne coadjutor archbishop on July 31, 1967. Binz allowed Archbishop Byrne to take greater control of the administration of the archdiocese. Byrne, however, died on October 21, 1974.[18]

Pope Paul VI accepted Archbishop Binz's resignation on May 21, 1975.

John Roach

[edit]
Main article: John Roach (bishop)

John Roach, originally a priest of the Archdiocese and at the time of Binz's resignation an auxuliary bishop, was appointed archsbihop to succeed Binz. On February 22, 1994, Harry Flynn was appointed by John Paul II as the coadjutor archbishop of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.[19] Roach retired on September 8, 1995.

Harry Flynn

[edit]

With Roach's retirement, Coadjutor Archbishop Harry Flynn assumed the full archbishopric. Under Flynn, the Saint Paul Seminary and Saint John Vianney College Seminary received major reforms, and the Cathedral of Saint Paul had its roof completely replaced.

After serving as archbishop for 12 years, Flynn requested that the pope assign him a coadjutor archbishop. On April 24, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Bishop John Nienstedt as Flynn's coadjutor.[20]

John Nienstedt

[edit]

When the pope accepted Flynn's retirement on May 2, 2008, Nienstedt automatically succeeded him as the eighth archbishop of St. Paul and Minneapolis.[21]

Nienstedt's tenure as archbishop was tumultuous. In October 2010, Nienstedt announced a strategic plan that called for 21 parishes to be merged into 14 neighboring parishes. These and two later mergers reduced the number of parishes in the archdiocese from 213 in October 2010 to 188 in July 2013.[22]

In November 2012, priest Curtis Wehmeyer pled guilty to 20 sex abuse and child pornography charges.[23] In 2013, MPR News obtained a letter revealing that an archdiocesan officials, including Archbishop Nienstedt and vicar general Reverend Kevin McDonough - brother of Obama White House Chief of Staff Denis McDonough - had known of the archdiocesan decision in 2011 to cover up an allegation suggesting that Wehmeyer had sexually abused two brothers in his camper.[24] When the reported abuse took place, the camper was parked outside Blessed Sacrament Church in St. Paul, where Wehmeyer served for six years and where the mother of the boys was employed.[24] In 2015, Wehmeyer was laicized by the Vatican while serving a five-year prison sentence.[25]

In January 2015, the Archdiocese filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[26]

On June 15, 2015, Pope Francis accepted the resignations of Archbishop John Nienstedt and Auxiliary Bishop Lee A. Piché to help clear the air in the Archdiocese surrounding the abuse cases and bankruptcy. The same day, Francis appointed Bernard Hebda as its apostolic administrator to serve until a new archbishop would be installed, although Hebda remained as the Coadjutor Archbishop of Newark.[27][28]

Bernard Hebda

[edit]

During Hebda's term as administrator, the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis reached agreement on a civil settlement with officials of Ramsey County on procedures to prevent child sexual abuse.

On March 24, 2016, Hebda was named archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, at which point his appointment as coadjutor archbishop of Newark ended. He was installed in the Cathedral of Saint Paul in St. Paul, Minnesota, on May 13, 2016.[29]

In May 2018, the Archdiocese of St Paul and Minneapolis agreed to pay victims of clergy sexual abuse a total of $210 million in settlement, which awaited court approval.[30] By the time the settlement was issued, 91 priests who served in the archdiocese were accused of sexually abusing 450 victims.[31] In June 2018, the archdiocese filed for bankruptcy reorganization in order to find enough money to pay for the settlement.[32][33][34] Once approved, the settlement became the second largest in any Catholic bankruptcy case in United States history and largest overall for any archdiocese which was forced into bankruptcy.[35][36] In September 2018, survivors of clergy abuse officially concluded a month-long vote which resulted in the approval the settlement;[37] the vote had started on August 21.[38][39] The settlement was then approved by a U.S. Bankruptcy Court judge.[40]

In the summer of 2019, Hebda announced that he would be calling an archdiocesan synod. This would be the first synod held in the archdiocese in eight decades; in his initial announcement on June 7, Hebda said that, "In the time that [he has] served in this archdiocese, [he has] come to believe that [the] local Church is particularly ripe for a synod".[41] In a Mass the following Saturday evening for the Solemn Vigil of Pentecost, Hebda formally announced that a synod would take place; two years later, at a Mass commemorating the same holy day, the synod was officially convoked. It culminated in June of 2022 with an archdiocesan synodal assembly.[42] Hebda released a pastoral letter, "You Shall Be My Witnesses", on the feast of Christ the King in 2022.


Seminaries

[edit]

The Archdiocese has two seminaries,

Both seminaries are located on the campus of the University of St. Thomas. From 1923 to 1971, the archdiocese operated a high school seminary, Nazareth Hall Preparatory Seminary.

While the majority of archdiocesan seminarians receive their formation at Saint Paul or Saint John Vianney, some go to Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary in Winona, Minnesota or the Pontifical North American College in Rome.

Bishops

[edit]

This is a list of the bishops who have served the archdiocese.

Forty-two priests of the diocese have become bishops.[2]

Bishops of Saint Paul

[edit]
  1. Joseph Crétin (1850–1857)[9]
  2. Thomas Langdon Grace, O.P. (1859–1884)
  3. John Ireland (1884–1888; coadjutor bishop 1875–1884)l elevated to archbishop with elevation of diocese

Archbishops of Saint Paul

[edit]
  1. John Ireland (1888–1918)
  2. Austin Dowling (1919–1930)
  3. John Gregory Murray (1931–1956)
  4. William O. Brady (1956–1961); Coadjutor Archbishop (1956)
  5. Leo Binz (1961–1966); title changed with title of see

Archbishops of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

[edit]
  1. Leo Binz (see above 1966–1975)
    - Leo Christopher Byrne, Coadjutor Archbishop (1967–1974); died without succeeding to see
  2. John Robert Roach (1975–1995)
  3. Harry Joseph Flynn (1995–2008); Coadjutor Archbishop (1994-1995)
  4. John Clayton Nienstedt (2008–2015); Coadjutor Archbishop (2007-2008)
  5. Bernard Hebda (2016–present)

Current auxiliary bishops

[edit]

Former auxiliary bishops

[edit]

Other priests of the diocese who became bishops

[edit]

Education

[edit]

The Catholic Schools of the Archdiocese of Saint and Minneapolis as of 2023 had 79 elementary schools and 16 high schools with a total student enrollment of approximately 31,000.[44]

Archdiocesan high schools

[edit]

Ecclesiastical Province of St. Paul and Minneapolis

[edit]
Diocesan map of the Province of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.
  Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
  Diocese of Saint Cloud
  Diocese of Winona–Rochester
  Diocese of New Ulm
  Diocese of Duluth
  Diocese of Crookston
  Diocese of Fargo
  Diocese of Bismarck
  Diocese of Rapid City
  Diocese of Sioux Falls

Minnesota

[edit]

North Dakota

[edit]

South Dakota

[edit]

Notable parishes

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Our History - Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis". Archspm.org. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  2. ^ a b c d "Saint Louis (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  3. ^ a b "Recent Episcopal Coats of Arms". The Ecclesiastical Review: A Monthly Publication for Clergy. Vol. LXIII. 1920. p. 40-41. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  4. ^ "Archbishop Hebda's Coat of Arms". The Catholic Spirit. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  5. ^ "The Basilica of Saint Mary". www.mary.org.
  6. ^ a b "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Minnesota". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  7. ^ Risjord, Norman K. (2005). A Popular History of Minnesota. Saint Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 0-87351-532-3.
  8. ^ "Dubuque (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  9. ^ a b c "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Paul". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  10. ^ Osterman '11, Jordan (25 September 2018). "Founding Father: St. Thomas Celebrates Archbishop John Ireland 100 Years After His Death". Newsroom | University of St. Thomas.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Rainer, Joseph. "Milwaukee." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 13 March 2020Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ^ Diocese of Winona History
  13. ^ Reardon, James Michael (1952). The Catholic Church in the Diocese of St. Paul : from earliest origin to centennial achievement : a factual narrative. Saint Paul, Minnesota: North Central Publishing Company. pp. 435–505.
  14. ^ Marvin R. O'Connell (2009). Pilgrims of the Northland: The Archdiocese of St. Paul, 1840-1962. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 424. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  15. ^ Steffel, Nick. "The Ninth National Eucharistic Congress In late..." Hennepin County Library Special Collections. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  16. ^ a b "Diocese of New Ulm". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
  17. ^ "Diocese of New Ulm". Giga Catholic. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
  18. ^ "Archbishop Leo Christopher Byrne". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015.[self-published source]
  19. ^ Harry J., Flynn (September 12, 2003). "In God's Image" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
  20. ^ "Bishop Nienstedt in line to take Saint Paul-Minneapolis post". Catholic News Agency. April 24, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  21. ^ Wiering, Maria (May 13, 2008). "Directive from Archbishop Flynn ends lay preaching at Mass". National Catholic Reporter. Catholic News Service. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  22. ^ "Strategic planning in Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis 2009–2010". Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  23. ^ "Former St. Paul pastor admits to child sex abuse, possessing child porn". Star Tribune.
  24. ^ a b Baran, Madeleine. "Archdiocese knew of priest's sexual misbehavior yet kept him in ministry". Minnesota Public Radio News.
  25. ^ Cox, Peter (March 11, 2015). "Pope removes convicted abuser from priesthood". MPR News. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  26. ^ Wiering, Maria (31 May 2018). "Timeline of archdiocese's bankruptcy proceedings". TheCatholicSpirit.com.
  27. ^ "Rinunce e nomine, 15.06.2015" (Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. June 15, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  28. ^ Smith, Mitch; Goodstein, Laurie (June 15, 2015). "Catholic Archbishop and Aide Resign in Minnesota Over Sexual Abuse Scandal". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  29. ^ Hopfensperger, Jean (May 13, 2016). "Thousands turn out to welcome Archbishop Hebda". Minneapolis Star-Tribune. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  30. ^ Hopfensperger, Jean; Olson, Rochelle (May 31, 2018). "Clergy abuse victims settle with Twin Cities archdiocese for $210M". Star Tribune. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  31. ^ Madhani, Aamer (May 31, 2018). "Archdiocese paying $210 million to 450 priest sex abuse victims: Catholic 'church let you down'". USA TODAY.
  32. ^ "Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis files reorganization plan with U.S. Bankruptcy Court". Twin Cities Pioneer Press. June 29, 2018.
  33. ^ Moylan, Martin (June 21, 2018). "Archdiocese files reorganization plan". MPR News. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  34. ^ "Archdiocese files plan for repaying sex abuse survivors". Star Tribune.
  35. ^ Fortin, Jacey (May 31, 2018). "Archdiocese in Minnesota Plans to Settle With Abuse Victims for $210 Million". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  36. ^ Romo, Vanessa (June 2018). "Minnesota Archdiocese Reaches $210 Million Settlement With 450 Clergy Abuse Victims". NPR.org.
  37. ^ "Twin Cities clergy abuse survivors OK $210 million settlement". Star Tribune.
  38. ^ "Archdiocese bankruptcy plan headed to vote". MPR News.
  39. ^ "Twin Cities archdiocese abuse victims to vote soon on reorganization plan". August 10, 2018.
  40. ^ "$210 million St. Paul Archdiocese bankruptcy settlement approved". Star Tribune.
  41. ^ CNA. "Archdiocese of Saint Paul-Minneapolis announces synod". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
  42. ^ "Decree to Convoke the Second Synod of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis" (PDF). Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. May 22, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  43. ^ Only U.S. bishop to resign and leave the priesthood in response to the encyclical of Pope Paul VI, Humanae vitae.
  44. ^ "About Us - Catholic Schools". Catholic Schools of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
[edit]

44°56′45″N 93°06′28″W / 44.94583°N 93.10778°W / 44.94583; -93.10778

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis&oldid=1255431969"