Et cetera
Et cetera (English: /ɛtˈsɛtərə, ɛk-/, Latin: [ɛt ˈkeːtɛra]), abbreviated to etc., et cet., &c. or &c,[1][2] is a Latin expression that is used in English to mean "and other things", or "and so forth". Translated literally from Latin, et means 'and', while cētera means 'the rest'; thus, the expression translates to 'and the rest (of such things)'.
Et cetera is a calque of the Koine Greek καὶ τὰ ἕτερα (kai ta hetera) meaning 'and the other things'. The typical Modern Greek form is και τα λοιπά (kai ta loipá), 'and the remainder'.
Spelling and usage
[edit]The one-word spelling etcetera appears in some dictionaries.[3] The abbreviated form &c. or &c is still occasionally used—the ampersand ⟨&⟩, derives from a ligature of et.[4]
The phrase et cetera is often used to denote the logical continuation of some sort of series of descriptions. For example, in the following expression:
We will need a lot of bread: wheat, granary, wholemeal, etc. on our menu.
In this case of a use at the end of a list without conjunction, a comma is typically written in front of the phrase (but see Serial comma). If etc. is used at the end of a sentence, the dot is not doubled. If it occurs at the end of exclamations, questions or a clause, the dot is not suppressed but followed by whatever punctuation marks are required to end or continue the sentence.
In blackletter (Gothic or Fraktur) typography, the r rotunda ⟨ꝛ⟩ is sometimes used for et in place of the similar-looking Tironian et ⟨⁊⟩, followed by c, to yield ꝛc.
Similar Latin expressions
[edit]- In lists of people, et alia (abbreviated as et al., meaning "and others") is used in place of etc.
- In lists of places, et alibi may be used, which is also abbreviated et al.; et alibi means "and elsewhere".
- In references to literature or texts in general, et sequentes (versus) or et sequentia 'and the words etc. following' (abbreviated et seq., plural et seqq.) are used to indicate that only the first portion of a known reference is given explicitly, with broad reference to the following passages which logically follow in sequence to the explicit reference. Hence "Title VII, Section 4, Subsection A, Paragraph 1, et seq." might refer to many subsections or paragraphs which follow Paragraph 1. Legal briefs and legislative documents make heavy use of et seq. Notice that there is a functional difference between et seq. and etc. Et seq. and its variations refer specifically to known text; etc. may do so too, but is more likely to leave the reader to supply the unspecified items for himself. It would not be helpful to say: "Various paragraphs of import similar to those in Title VII, Sections 4, 7, and 2 et seq." though it might make sense to use etc. in such a context.[5]
In popular culture
[edit]In the 1956 film The King and I, Yul Brynner repeatedly used the expression "...et cetera, et cetera, et cetera..." in his portrayal of King Mongkut of Siam, to characterize the king as wanting to impress everyone with his breadth of great knowledge and the importance of one with no need to expound.[6] This reflected the usage in the novel, Anna and the King of Siam, which expressed that king's playful understanding of innumerable things with the phrase, "&c., &c."[6]
Other uses
[edit]Et cetera and derivatives such as etceteras, have long been used airily, humorously or dismissively, often as a cadigan. For example:
- ... he still wanted numberless appendages to make him a fine gentleman, such as a fashionable tailor and hairdresser, an unblushing confidence, together with a long train of etceteras. These fashionable introductories being wanting, Mr Whitmore was obliged to find a substitute...[7] (1823)
- The cost of the locomotives and their etceteras, is to be $136000 – their wear and tear $75600. Etceteras $90000...[8] (1834)
- The etceteras: asteroids, comets and interplanetary dust are chemically speaking, "impurities" and are just a minuscule fraction of planetary matter.[9] (1989)
- Having tried "to recover myth outside the books," the hidalgo crosses paths with common sense, everyday toils, and the religious dictates of the Counter-Reformation on a journey that tries to rescue chivalric etceteras of old.[10] (2008)
/etc is a directory in UNIX-like operating systems, responsible mainly for storing system-wide configuration files, preferences, etc.[11][12]
See also
[edit]- Ellipses (...) may be used for a similar function
- List of Latin phrases
References
[edit]- ^ "Guardian Style Guide". TheGuardian.com. 30 April 2021.
- ^ "UK Government Style Guide".
- ^ Brown, Lesley (1993). The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-861271-0.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. x–xxiii.
- ^ Sir Ernest Gowers, Fowler's Modern English Usage, Second Edition. Published: Book Club Associates (1965)
- ^ a b Overstreet, Maryann (1999), Whales, candlelight, and stuff like that, p. 130, ISBN 978-0-19-512574-0
- ^ Helme, Elizabeth. "The farmer of Inglewood Forest: or, An affecting portrait of virtue and vice" Printed and Published by J. Cleave and Son, 1823
- ^ The Farmer's register, Volume 1. Snowden & M'Corkle, 1834. (Google Books)
- ^ Degens, Egon T. "Perspectives on Biogeochemistry", Springer-Verlag 1989. ISBN 978-0387501918
- ^ Maiorino, Giancarlo. "First pages: a poetics of titles", Penn State Press, 2008
- ^ "/etc". www.tldp.org. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
- ^ "Filesystem Hierarchy Standard". www.pathname.com. Retrieved 2017-07-06.