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Enschede

Coordinates: 52°13′21″N 06°53′33″E / 52.22250°N 6.89250°E / 52.22250; 6.89250
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Enschede
Eanske (Twents)
Skyline of Enschede
Skyline of Enschede
Synagogue of Enschede
Synagogue of Enschede
St. James Church
St. James Church
Historic city centre
Historic city centre
Flag of the City of Enschede
Coat of arms of Enschede
Highlighted position of Enschede in a municipal map of Overijssel
Location in Overijssel
Enschede is located in Overijssel
Enschede
Enschede
Location within Overijssel
Enschede is located in Netherlands
Enschede
Enschede
Location within the Netherlands
Coordinates: 52°13′21″N 06°53′33″E / 52.22250°N 6.89250°E / 52.22250; 6.89250
CountryNetherlands
ProvinceOverijssel
Government
 • BodyMunicipal council
 • MayorRoelof Bleker (Independent)
Area
 • Municipality142.72 km2 (55.10 sq mi)
 • Land140.83 km2 (54.37 sq mi)
 • Water1.89 km2 (0.73 sq mi)
Elevation42 m (138 ft)
Population
 (Municipality, January 2021; Urban and Metro, May 2014)[6][7]
 • Municipality160,341[1]
 • Density1,134/km2 (2,940/sq mi)
 • Urban
158,004
 • Metro
315,807
 • Twente
626,586[5]
DemonymEnschedeër
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postcode
7500–7549
Area code053
Websitewww.enschede.nl
Map
Click on the map for a fullscreen view

Enschede (Dutch: [ˈɛnsxədeː] ; local Tweants dialect: Eanske [ˈɛːnskə]) is a city and municipality in the province of Overijssel. It is located in the Twente region of the eastern Netherlands. The east of the urban area reaches the border of the German city of Gronau.

The municipality of Enschede consisted only of the city of Enschede until 1935, when the rural municipality of Lonneker, which surrounded the city, was annexed after the rapid industrial expansion of Enschede that began in the 1860s and involved the building of railways and the digging of the Twentekanaal.

Enschede is home to the football club FC Twente, a one-time Dutch champion; the University of Twente; and the last Polaroid film factory.

During the Carnival festivities, which take place in February or March, Enschede is temporarily renamed as Krekkelstad, named after a local cookie.

Geography

[edit]
Dutch Topographic map of Enschede (city), June 2014

Enschede lies in the eastern part of Overijssel and is the easternmost city of more than 140,000 inhabitants in the Netherlands. The city lies a few kilometres from Germany, which borders the municipality. A few small rivers flow through or surround the city, such as the Roombeek and Glanerbeek.

Enschede contains five official city districts, which also include surrounding villages in the municipality:

  • Stadsdeel Centrum (Binnenstad, Boddenkamp, De Bothoven, 't Getfert, Hogeland Noord, Horstlanden-Veldkamp, Laares, Lasonder-'t Zeggelt)
  • Stadsdeel Noord (for example: Lonneker, Deppenbroek, Bolhaar, Mekkelholt, Roombeek, Twekkelerveld)
  • Stadsdeel Oost (for example: Wooldrik, Velve-Lindenhof, De Eschmarke, 't Ribbelt, Stokhorst, Dolphia, 't Hogeland and Glanerbrug)
  • Stadsdeel Zuid (Wesselerbrink, Helmerhoek and Stroinkslanden)
  • Stadsdeel West (Boswinkel, Ruwenbos, Pathmos, Stadsveld, Bruggert, 't Zwering, 't Havengebied, De Marssteden, Boekelo, Usselo and Twekkelo)

Climate

[edit]
A shelf cloud associated with a heavy or severe thunderstorm over Enschede

Like most of the Netherlands, Enschede features an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen classification), however, winters tend to be less mild than the rest of the Netherlands due to its inland location. Although the former military airport is derelict and plans to revive the place were canceled in 2012, the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute still maintains a weather station there.

Climate data for Twenthe, Enschede (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1)
19.5
(67.1)
24.5
(76.1)
29.3
(84.7)
31.8
(89.2)
35.4
(95.7)
40.2
(104.4)
36.2
(97.2)
32.1
(89.8)
27.9
(82.2)
19.8
(67.6)
16.3
(61.3)
40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5)
6.3
(43.3)
10.1
(50.2)
14.9
(58.8)
18.6
(65.5)
21.4
(70.5)
23.6
(74.5)
23.2
(73.8)
19.3
(66.7)
14.4
(57.9)
9.2
(48.6)
5.8
(42.4)
14.3
(57.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.8
(37.0)
3.2
(37.8)
5.8
(42.4)
9.6
(49.3)
13.2
(55.8)
16.0
(60.8)
18.1
(64.6)
17.6
(63.7)
14.2
(57.6)
10.3
(50.5)
6.3
(43.3)
3.5
(38.3)
10.0
(50.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) -0.0
(32.0)
−0.2
(31.6)
1.3
(34.3)
3.5
(38.3)
7.0
(44.6)
9.8
(49.6)
12.1
(53.8)
11.7
(53.1)
9.1
(48.4)
6.2
(43.2)
3.1
(37.6)
0.8
(33.4)
5.4
(41.7)
Record low °C (°F) −21.8
(−7.2)
−21.8
(−7.2)
−16.8
(1.8)
−8.8
(16.2)
−3.9
(25.0)
−0.6
(30.9)
3.0
(37.4)
1.3
(34.3)
−3.5
(25.7)
−8.5
(16.7)
−11.4
(11.5)
−16.3
(2.7)
−21.8
(−7.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 70.8
(2.79)
55.4
(2.18)
58.1
(2.29)
43.7
(1.72)
57.2
(2.25)
64.8
(2.55)
77.6
(3.06)
79.4
(3.13)
67.3
(2.65)
67.5
(2.66)
66.1
(2.60)
76.4
(3.01)
784.3
(30.88)
Average relative humidity (%) 87.1 83.9 78.9 72.6 73.2 75.2 76.0 77.9 83.0 86.1 89.1 89.1 81.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 59.4 87.7 135.7 187.8 211.2 202.1 214.0 195.5 154.1 119.4 64.9 53.2 1,685
Percent possible sunshine 23.0 31.2 36.7 45.0 43.4 40.4 42.5 42.9 40.4 36.1 24.4 22.0 35.7
Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute[8][9]

History

[edit]

Preindustrial era

[edit]
Balcony of the city hall depicts Enschede received its city rights
Map of Enschede in 1570

The early history of Enschede is largely unknown, but a settlement existed around the Old Marketplace in early medieval times. The name of this settlement is mentioned as Anescede or Enscede meaning either "near the border" (with Bentheim) or "near the Es" and sported a church, a marketplace and a fortified aristocratic house.[10]

Enschede was granted city rights around 1300 which were confirmed in 1325 by Bishop Jan III van Diest and henceforth was allowed to protect itself with a wall. Because a stone wall was too expensive (since stone had to be imported), Enschede had a system of ditches, palisades and hedges instead, which is still reflected in the street-names Noorderhagen and Zuiderhagen (North Hedge and South Hedge, respectively). The city plan of this era is still recognisable in the street-pattern. The city was spared destruction in 1597 at its capture during the Eighty Years' War when after a short siege, the Spanish garrison surrendered the city and the defences were razed.

Because the medieval city was largely built of wood and stone houses were the exception, fire was a constant risk and a series of fires in 1517, 1750 and again on 7 May 1862 earned the people from Enschede the nickname Brandstichters (arsonists).

Industrial era

[edit]

The last fire coincided with the start of the growth of the city into a large production center for textiles, stimulating a large increase in population, which by 1894 had reached an estimated 18,267:[11] nineteenth-century urban growth was at first rather chaotic. The names of the slums (like De Krim and Sebastopol) are still notorious, although they have long since been torn down.[citation needed] In 1907 the laissez faire mentality was dropped and Enschede was the first city in the Netherlands to draw up an official expansion plan, incorporating the surrounding municipality of Lonneker.[citation needed]

Textile production, originally a cottage industry, reached an industrial scale at the start of the 19th century. In particular, bombazijn (a mixture of cotton and linen) proved a successful export. One such factory to have produced textiles in the late 19th century is the Hardick & Seckel Factory.[citation needed]

World War II

[edit]
British troops advancing from Enschede, April 1945

During World War II, Enschede was one of the first Dutch cities to be captured by German troops, being the city closest to Germany. Resistance members helped many of the Jews from Enschede to hide on farms in the vicinity. Out of approximately 1300 Jews in Enschede, 500 were saved (38.5%), compared to less than 20% in the rest of the Netherlands. This higher survival rate is attributed to three members of the Jewish Council of Enschede, Sig Menko, Gerard Sanders and Isidoor Van Dam who took the initiative, against the advice of the Jewish Council of Amsterdam, of urging their community to go into hiding and not to answer the call-up of the Germans for "labour in the East." Another notable hero of the era was Enschede Pastor Leendert Overduin, who saved hundreds of Jewish children and adults, with help from his sister and others, through a network of safehouses in and around Enschede.[citation needed]

Enschede was bombed on several occasions, most notably on 10 October 1943, and 22 February 1944. During the first raid the nearby airport (then Fliegerhorst Twente) was a target of opportunity for the VIII Bomber Command during a raid on rail- and waterways in Münster.[12][13] 141 people died and many houses were damaged.[citation needed] The latter mission named Enschede as a target of opportunity during Big Week after bombers had been recalled due to adverse weather.[14]

The end of the industrial age

[edit]

In the 1960s, the textile industry was completely lost, at the cost of approximately 30,000 jobs. Most of the large factory complexes were demolished in the 1970s and 1980s, some were renovated and given a new purpose. For example, homes were built in the former factories of Jannink and Van Heek. In addition, part of the Jannink complex was converted into a museum. Enschede developed into a service city.

In the 1970s the textile production in Enschede came to a halt, due to fierce competition from mainly the Far East. This had a profound effect on the populace. Enschede became one of the poorest municipalities in the Netherlands and went bankrupt. Large areas of industrial wasteland came to mark the city. With the support of the national government, this property was acquired and rebuilt. The city center was rendered a car-free zone.

Monument commemorating the Enschede fireworks disaster. The inscription says, "The vanished house between heaven and earth."

In 1961 it was announced a third technical university would be founded, placed on an estate on the western border of Enschede. This green campus called Drienerlo was donated by the city of Enschede. Building was complete in 1964, when the first and only full-facility university of the Netherlands was realised.

On 13 May 2000, a fireworks storage depot in Enschede exploded, destroying part of the neighborhood of Roombeek and killing 23 people, including 4 firemen. In 2001 a referendum confirmed the proposal of the city council to expand the built-up area into the Usseler Es, an area of historic cultural significance and of geological importance, as it was here that the Usselo horizon was discovered. The renovations at Roombeek were finished in the year 2012. The place where the factory used to be is now a monument.

The Alpha Tower was completed in 2008 and this tower block with 91 apartments spread over 29 floors, with a height of 101 meters, is the tallest building in Enschede and the whole province of Overijssel. In the period 1995–2010, Enschede grew by approximately 10,000 inhabitants, but since then the growth has stagnated.[15]

Religion

[edit]

Religions in Enschede (2013)[16]

  No affiliation (58.9%)
  Roman Catholic (17.1%)
  Other Christian denominations (6.1%)
  Islam (3.0%)
  Hinduism (0.8%)
  Buddhism (0.3%)
  Judaism (0.1%)

The largest religion in Enschede is Christianity with 34.9% of the population being Christian.

Enschede has a large Assyrian community, the first Assyrians came to Enschede in the 1970s, primarily from Turkey (Tur Abdin). Today there are three Syriac Orthodox Churches in the city which meet the spiritual needs of Enschede's more than 10,000 Assyrians.[17][18]


Demographics

[edit]

As of 2020, Enschede had a total population of 159,640 people.[19]

Inhabitants by origin

[edit]
2020[20] Numbers %
Dutch natives 111,322 69.7%
Western migration background 20,417 12.7%
Non-Western migration background 27,901 17.4%
Turkey 8,758 5.4%
Indonesia 3,282 2.05%
Morocco 2,090 1.3%
Suriname 1,971 1.23%
Netherlands Antilles and Aruba 1,174 0.74%
Total 159,640 100%

Economy

[edit]
Enschede city center

The city is a former centre of textile production. When this industry left the area for cheaper production centers in South-East Asia, Enschede became one of the poorest municipalities in the Netherlands. More educated and wealthier citizens have historically migrated to the Randstad region; decades of renovation work in the city center have been carried out with the goal of making Enschede more attractive to this group. Modern shopping centres and department stores that until recently were only found in much larger cities have been opened. Enschede is host to many yearly festivals and the Old Market Square is often the venue for events, live music and other activities at the weekend.

The proximity to Germany has, historically, been another major factor in the city's economic activity, ranging from the smuggling of coffee and tobacco in the 19th and 20th century, to large numbers of Germans, who visit the city's shops and weekly markets. Therefore, many natives of Enschede speak German more or less fluently.[citation needed]

The city is co-operating with the nearby municipalities of Almelo, Borne and Hengelo as Netwerkstad Twente. A draft law plan to merge Enschede with Hengelo and Almelo was defeated in parliament under the influence of opposition from the other towns.

Grolsch beer is brewed in Enschede, and the tyre manufacturer Apollo Vredestein B.V. head office and a factory is in the city. It is one of the most important employers of the region.

Culture

[edit]
Panorama of Enschede

Museum

[edit]
Rijksmuseum Twenthe

There are several museums in Enschede, among them the Rijksmuseum Twenthe for art. A museum of natural history and a museum dedicated to the history of the textiles industry, both closed in January 2007, have merged, and have reopened in April 2008 in new premises on a new location under the name TwentseWelle (Source/Well of Twente). The new location is situated in Roombeek, where a fireworks disaster took place in 2000. The new museum is located partly in a renovated old textile factory, in reference to Enschede's textile history, and partly in an adjourning new building, designed by the Amsterdam-based firm SeARCH (project architect: Bjarne Mastenbroek). Besides museums there are also several art spaces, the most prominent being Villa de Bank and TETEM. The latter focuses on art and technology, and aims to be accessible for a wide public.[21] Enschede is also home of The Netherlands Symphony Orchestra.

De Museumfabriek (formerly TwensteWelle) is a museum in the Roombeek district that arose from a merger of three institutions: Natuurmuseum Enschede, Van Deinse Instituut and Fabriekcomplex Jannink. In this museum, the cultural-historical heritage of Twente is linked to the natural-historical heritage, a unique combination for the Netherlands. The museum was opened in April 2008 by the then Queen Beatrix.

Music and theater

[edit]
Former building of Atak Poppodium

The German-Dutch relationship is characteristic of music culture, which arose through cooperation in the border region and the dominant textile industry in the 19th and 20th centuries. Especially during the period of reversal after the World War I, a close German-Dutch cultural cooperation developed in Gronau and Enschede, which became increasingly important from string quartets, salon orchestras and hot dance music bands to symphony orchestras and an operetta company ("Enschedesch Opera en Operette Gezelschap") with their own performances. At the same time, jazz also found enthusiastic supporters from 1920 onwards.

The three major concert stages for classical music in Enschede – the Muziekcentrum, the Twentse Schouwburg and the Grote Kerk – have been operating under the name Podium Twente since September 2002 and since September 2011 under the name Wilminktheater en Muziekcentrum Enschede. There is a varied offer of concerts, theater, youth and youth performances and the like to visit.

In November 2008 the Nationaal Muziekkwartier opened its doors in Enschede. A new large theatre, pop stage Atak, the ArtEZ Conservatory, the Orkest van het Oosten (now the Dutch Symphony Orchestra), the Twente Music School, the Nationale Reisopera (now the Nederlandse Reisopera) and Podium Twente (now Wilminktheater en Muziekcentrum Enschede) have settled in this dominant building opposite the Central Station in Enschede. There will be a new large square, the Willem Wilminkplein.

In December 2012, the Serious Request action from national radio station 3FM took place in Enschede, which collected more than 12.2 million euros (almost US$16.2 million).

Research, education and health care

[edit]
University of Twente

The University of Twente (Universiteit Twente), a university with mostly technical studies, is located in Enschede. It is one of the four technical universities in the Netherlands (besides Delft University of Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology and the Wageningen University and Research Centre). The Universiteit Twente is also the only large-campus university in the Netherlands.

The university has courses in pure technical studies such as Applied Physics, Applied Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Informatics/Computer Science and Industrial Engineering and also offers study programmes in Communication, Psychology, Economic Sciences, International Business Administration, Public Administration, Applied Medicine and Biomedical Technology; the latter attract a broader public. Since 2006, the programmes of European Studies, Advanced Technology, Creative Technology and ATLAS University College have been added to the university's offerings.

The Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente, with former name International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, (known by its abbreviation ITC) runs MSc, Master's, Diploma and PhD courses in Geo-Information Science for developing countries. Students from all over the world attend the ITC. Enschede also has an academy of arts and design combined with a conservatory named ArtEZ.

Saxion University of Applied Sciences

Enschede is also home to one of the three campuses of Saxion University of Applied Sciences (Saxion Hogeschool), a polytechnical school offering internationally recognized Bachelor's degrees and Master's degrees in a wide range of fields, including engineering, economics, social work, investigations and health care.[22] The other campuses are located in Deventer and Apeldoorn.

The Medisch Spectrum Twente (MST) hospital is one of the largest top-clinical hospitals of the Netherlands and features important tertiary care departments, fulfilling a supraregional role. It includes a level I trauma center as well. The hospital is strongly involved in higher medical education, with up to 300 medical students following their internships in the hospital at any given time, closely working together with the University of Twente's Technical Medicine program training a new type of technically specialized doctors.

Transport

[edit]

Train

[edit]
Enschede railway station

Enschede is a terminus station of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS) railway lines from the west. Trains operate to Hengelo, Almelo, Zwolle, Deventer, Apeldoorn, Amersfoort Centraal, Hilversum, Amsterdam Zuid, Schiphol Airport, Utrecht Centraal and Den Haag Centraal.

To the east there is a line to Gronau, Germany, which has two more stations in the Netherlands: Enschede De Eschmarke and Glanerbrug. The latter two have low ridership.[citation needed] The line is served by DB Regionalbahn Westfalen (part of the German Deutsche Bahn), to Münster and to Dortmund, each on an hourly interval and alternating half-hours in the service to Gronau.

There is no track connection between the two systems. The through line had been retained for eventual NATO use during the Cold War even after through passenger service was ended (September 1981), although it was in serious disrepair in later years. With the renewal of service to Germany (May 2001) the track was severed; there is a gap of about 30 centimeters between them[23] which means that Enschede is now a "double terminus station" with tracks to the West (the Netherlands) and to the East (Germany) but with no connection between them.

There is also Enschede Kennispark railway station, near the football stadium.

Bus

[edit]
Twents bus by Syntus in Enshede

Enschede is situated at the south-east terminus of the Twentekanaal. There is also a network of bus lines connecting nearly every part of the city with the centre. Enschede also has bus connections to nearby towns and cities, like Hengelo, Oldenzaal and south towards Haaksbergen, Neede and Eibergen. The city lines are operated by Syntus, under the Twents-branche. The interlocal lines are exploited by Syntus and Arriva.

Air

[edit]

Previously, Enschede had a combined regional civil airport, Enschede Airport, and Airbase Twenthe of the Royal Netherlands Air Force. The latter was closed in 2007; the former was closed in 2008. However, it remains in operation for business air traffic flying via a charter or private jet, and recreational flights.[24]

Roads

[edit]

Around the center districts of Enschede is a complete ring road with a length of approximately 8 km, which is popularly called "de singel". This was constructed in the period between 1916 and 1929.[25] Most major arterial roads connect to the canal. Enschede is connected to the national road network by means of the A/N35 and the N18. Below and on the edge of the center are various parking facilities, the most famous and largest of which is the Van Heekgarage, which is located under the Van Heekplein. At the end of 2012, construction of an additional entrance and exit at Kuipersdijk was started as the South entrance. Van Heekgarage is the largest underground parking garage in the Netherlands with a capacity of 1650 cars.[26]

Sports

[edit]
De Grolsch Veste, home ground of FC Twente
IJsbaan Twente

Enschede's association football club is FC Twente. Twente were the 2010 Eredivisie champions but were relegated to the second-tier league, the Eerste Divisie, after the 2017–18 season. Since the 2019–2020 season, they are back in the Eredivisie. De Grolsch Veste Stadium is the club's home base and has a capacity of 30,205 spectators. The Enschede Marathon is the second oldest marathon in Europe, and the oldest in the Netherlands, having been run annually since 1947. DOS-WK played in the Korfbal League until 2006.

Enschede Marathon

Enschede built the second indoor speed skating arena in the country, IJsbaan Twente.

Twin towns

[edit]

Enschede is twinned with:

Notable people

[edit]
Harry Bannink, 1978
Hansje van Halem, 2018
See also People from Enschede

Arts

[edit]

Public thinking & public service

[edit]
Heiko "Ko" Wierenga, 2007

Science & business

[edit]
Hans van Abeelen, 1998

Sports

[edit]
Bas Nijhuis, 2017
Jorien ter Mors, 2016

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "CBS Statline". Archived from the original on 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  2. ^ "Peter den Oudsten" (in Dutch). Gemeente Enschede. Archived from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  3. ^ "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  4. ^ "Postcodetool for 7511HC". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  5. ^ Regionale Kerncijfers Nederland Archived 2015-09-20 at the Wayback Machine, CBS (1 januari 2012)
  6. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  7. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; Regionale kerncijfers Nederland" [Regional core figures Netherlands]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  8. ^ "Weerstatistieken Twenthe" (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  9. ^ "Klimaatviewer 1991–2020" (in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  10. ^ enschede-stad.nl Archived 2015-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ The Century Cyclopaedia of Names, coordinated by Benjamin E Smith and published by the De Vinne Press, New York 1894 (Page 363)
  12. ^ "USAAF Chronology". Archived from the original on 2020-07-14. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
  13. ^ "American Air Museum in Britain, mission 114". Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
  14. ^ "American Air Museum in Britain, 8th Air Force 230 BIG WEEK – DAY 3". Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
  15. ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  16. ^ "Kerkelijkheid en kerkbezoek, 2010/2013". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. 2 October 2014. Archived from the original on 2019-06-21. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  17. ^ "UNPO: Assyria: MEP Support for Assyrian Cause". unpo.org. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  18. ^ "Enschede Marathon, in honor of Mor Gabriel and the Assyrian Genocide, Seyfo of 1915". Seyfocenter. 2009-05-06. Archived from the original on 2022-12-07. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  19. ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  20. ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  21. ^ "Tetem – Uit in Enschede (in Dutch)". Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  22. ^ "Saxion University of Applied Sciences (english site)". Saxion.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-02-25. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  23. ^ [1] Archived 22 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ "Vliegen". www.twente-airport.nl. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  25. ^ "Singels van Enschede – Architectuurgids Enschede – Enschede, stad van nu". 2018-10-31. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  26. ^ "Enschede – Van Heekgarage". 2008-04-20. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  27. ^ IMDb Database Archived 2022-12-09 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 9 February 2020
  28. ^ IMDb Database Archived 2019-05-30 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 9 February 2020
  29. ^ IMDb Database Archived 2019-05-30 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 29 August 2019

Literature

[edit]
  • Alfred Hagemann/Elmar Hoff (Hg.): Insel der Träume. Musik in Gronau und Enschede (1895–2005), Klartext-Verlag, Essen 2006.
[edit]