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List of governors of Florida

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Governor of Florida
Seal of the State of Florida
Flag of the State of Florida
Incumbent
Ron DeSantis
since January 8, 2019
Government of Florida
Style
TypeHead of state
Head of government
Member ofFlorida Executive Branch
Florida Cabinet
ResidenceFlorida Governor's Mansion
AppointerPopular vote
Term lengthFour years, renewable once consecutively
Constituting instrumentConstitution of Florida
PrecursorGovernor of the Florida Territory
Inaugural holderWilliam Dunn Moseley
FormationJune 25, 1845
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Florida
Salary$130,273 (2013)[1]
Websitewww.flgov.com

The governor of Florida is the head of government of the U.S. state of Florida and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.[2] The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Florida Legislature,[3] to convene the legislature[4] and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.[5]

When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor. Florida Territory was established in 1822 and five people served as governor over 6 distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, the longest of any Florida governor to date.

Since statehood in 1845, there have been 45 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Four state governors have served two full four-year terms: William D. Bloxham, in two stints, as well as Reubin Askew, Jeb Bush and Rick Scott who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two full terms but resigned with three days left in his term in order to take a seat in the United States Senate.[6] The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following Graham's resignation.

The current officeholder is Ron DeSantis, a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 8, 2019.

List of governors

[edit]

Federal military commissioner

[edit]
For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, see List of colonial governors of Florida.

Spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10, 1821.[7] Parts of West Florida had already been assigned to Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi; the remainder and East Florida were governed by a military commissioner with the powers of governor until the territory was organized and incorporated.[8]

Federal Military Commissioner of Florida[a]
No. Commissioner Term in office Appointed by
1 Andrew Jackson
(1767–1845)
[9] 		March 10, 1821
–
December 31, 1821
(resigned)[b] 		James Monroe

Territory of Florida

[edit]

Florida Territory was organized on March 30, 1822, combining East and West Florida.[13]

Governors of the Territory of Florida
No. Governor Term in office[c] Appointed by
1 William Pope Duval
(1784–1854)
[14][15] 		April 17, 1822[d]
–
April 17, 1834[e]
(successor appointed)[f] 		James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
2 John Eaton
(1790–1856)
[25][26] 		April 24, 1834[g]
–
March 16, 1836
(successor appointed) 		Andrew Jackson
3 Richard K. Call
(1792–1862)
[28][29] 		March 16, 1836[h]
–
December 2, 1839[i]
(successor appointed) 		Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
4 Robert R. Reid
(1789–1841)
[34][35] 		December 12, 1839[j]
–
March 19, 1841
(successor appointed) 		Martin Van Buren
5 Richard K. Call
(1792–1862)
[28][29] 		March 19, 1841[k]
–
August 11, 1844
(successor appointed) 		William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
6 John Branch
(1782–1863)
[40][41] 		August 11, 1844[l]
–
June 25, 1845
(statehood) 		John Tyler

State of Florida

[edit]

The State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845. It seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861,[44] and joined the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861,[45] as a founding member. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District.[46] Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25, 1868.[47]

The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected every 4 years, who was not allowed to serve consecutive terms.[48] The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the term limit,[49] but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the ratified constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term,[50][51] though without the earlier term limit, which was reintroduced in the 1885 constitution.[52] The current constitution of 1968 states that should the governor serve, or would have served had he not resigned, more than six years in two consecutive terms, he cannot be elected to the succeeding term.[53] The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election,[52] where it has remained.[54]

Originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant.[55] The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor,[56][57] who would similarly act as governor. This office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty.[58] The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor.[59] The governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket.[53]

Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only one candidate from the Whig Party (the Democrats' chief opposition at the time).[60] It elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 90 years passed before voters chose another Republican.

Governors of the State of Florida
No. Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[m][n]
1 William Dunn Moseley
(1795–1863)
[61][62][63] 		June 25, 1845[64]
–
October 1, 1849
(term-limited)[o] 		Democratic[66] 1845 Office did not exist
2   Thomas Brown
(1785–1867)
[67][68][69] 		October 1, 1849[64]
–
October 3, 1853
(term-limited)[o] 		Whig[66] 1848
3 James E. Broome
(1808–1883)
[70][71][72] 		October 3, 1853[73]
–
October 5, 1857
(term-limited)[o] 		Democratic[66] 1852
4 Madison S. Perry
(1814–1865)
[74][75][76] 		October 5, 1857[64]
–
October 7, 1861
(term-limited)[o] 		Democratic[66] 1856
5 John Milton
(1807–1865)
[77][78][79] 		October 7, 1861[64]
–
April 1, 1865
(died in office)[p] 		Democratic[66] 1860
6 Abraham K. Allison
(1810–1893)
[80][81] 		April 1, 1865[82]
–
May 19, 1865
(resigned)[q] 		Democratic[64] President of
the Senate
acting
— Vacant May 19, 1865
–
July 13, 1865 		Office vacated
after civil war
7 William Marvin
(1808–1902)
[83][84][85] 		July 13, 1865[86]
–
December 20, 1865
(provisional term ended) 		Provisional governor
appointed by President[r]
8 David S. Walker
(1815–1891)
[87][88][89] 		December 20, 1865[64]
–
July 4, 1868
(did not run) 		Conservative[87] 1865   William W. J. Kelly[s]
9 Harrison Reed
(1813–1899)
[90][91][92] 		July 4, 1868[t]
–
January 7, 1873
(did not run) 		Republican[64] 1868 William Henry Gleason
(removed December 14, 1868)[u]
Vacant
Edmund C. Weeks
(appointed January 24, 1870)
(term ended December 27, 1870)[v]
Samuel T. Day
(took office December 27, 1870)
10 Ossian B. Hart
(1821–1874)
[98][99][100] 		January 7, 1873[64]
–
March 18, 1874
(died in office) 		Republican[64] 1872 Marcellus Stearns
11 Marcellus Stearns
(1839–1891)
[101][102][103] 		March 18, 1874[104]
–
January 2, 1877
(lost election) 		Republican[64] Lieutenant
governor
acting 		Acting as governor
12 George Franklin Drew
(1827–1900)
[105][106][107] 		January 2, 1877[108]
–
January 4, 1881
(did not run) 		Democratic[64] 1876 Noble A. Hull
(resigned March 3, 1879)
Vacant
13 William D. Bloxham
(1835–1911)
[109][110][111] 		January 4, 1881[112]
–
January 6, 1885
(lost nomination)[113] 		Democratic[64] 1880 Livingston W. Bethel
14 Edward A. Perry
(1831–1889)
[114][115][116] 		January 6, 1885[117]
–
January 8, 1889
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1884 Milton H. Mabry
15 Francis P. Fleming
(1841–1908)
[119][120][121] 		January 8, 1889[122]
–
January 3, 1893
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1888 Office did not exist
16 Henry L. Mitchell
(1831–1903)
[123][124][125] 		January 3, 1893[126]
–
January 5, 1897
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1892
17 William D. Bloxham
(1835–1911)
[109][110][127] 		January 5, 1897[128]
–
January 8, 1901
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1896
18 William Sherman Jennings
(1863–1920)
[129][130][131] 		January 8, 1901[132]
–
January 3, 1905
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1900
19 Napoleon B. Broward
(1857–1910)
[133][134][135] 		January 3, 1905[136]
–
January 5, 1909
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1904
20 Albert W. Gilchrist
(1858–1926)
[137][138][139] 		January 5, 1909[140]
–
January 7, 1913
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1908
21 Park Trammell
(1876–1936)
[141][142][143] 		January 7, 1913[144]
–
January 2, 1917
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1912
22 Sidney Johnston Catts
(1863–1936)
[145][146][147] 		January 2, 1917[148]
–
January 4, 1921
(term-limited)[w] 		Prohibition[145] 1916
23 Cary A. Hardee
(1876–1957)
[149][150][151] 		January 4, 1921[152]
–
January 6, 1925
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1920
24 John W. Martin
(1884–1958)
[153][154][155] 		January 6, 1925[156]
–
January 8, 1929
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1924
25 Doyle E. Carlton
(1885–1972)
[157][158][159] 		January 8, 1929[160]
–
January 3, 1933
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1928
26 David Sholtz
(1891–1953)
[161][162][163] 		January 3, 1933[164]
–
January 5, 1937
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1932
27 Fred P. Cone
(1871–1948)
[165][166][167] 		January 5, 1937[168]
–
January 7, 1941
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1936
28 Spessard Holland
(1892–1971)
[169][170][171] 		January 7, 1941[172]
–
January 2, 1945
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1940
29 Millard Caldwell
(1897–1984)
[173][174][175] 		January 2, 1945[176]
–
January 4, 1949
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1944
30 Fuller Warren
(1905–1973)
[177][178][179] 		January 4, 1949[180]
–
January 6, 1953
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1948
31 Daniel T. McCarty
(1912–1953)
[181][182][183] 		January 6, 1953[184]
–
September 28, 1953
(died in office) 		Democratic[64] 1952
32 Charley Eugene Johns
(1905–1990)
[185][186][187] 		September 28, 1953[188]
–
January 4, 1955
(lost nomination)[189] 		Democratic[64] President of
the Senate
acting
33 LeRoy Collins
(1909–1991)
[189][190][191] 		January 4, 1955[192]
–
January 3, 1961
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1954
(special)[x]
1956
34 C. Farris Bryant
(1914–2002)
[193][194][195] 		January 3, 1961[196]
–
January 5, 1965
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[64] 1960
35 W. Haydon Burns
(1912–1987)
[197][198][199] 		January 5, 1965[200]
–
January 3, 1967
(lost nomination)[y] 		Democratic[64] 1964[z]
36 Claude R. Kirk Jr.
(1926–2011)
[202][203][204] 		January 3, 1967[205]
–
January 5, 1971
(lost election) 		Republican[64] 1966
Ray C. Osborne
(office created January 7, 1969)
37 Reubin Askew
(1928–2014)
[206][207][208] 		January 5, 1971[209]
–
January 2, 1979
(term-limited)[aa] 		Democratic[64] 1970 Thomas Burton Adams Jr.
1974 Jim Williams
38 Bob Graham
(1936–2024)
[211][212] 		January 2, 1979[213]
–
January 3, 1987
(resigned)[ab] 		Democratic[212] 1978 Wayne Mixson
1982
39 Wayne Mixson
(1922–2020)
[215] 		January 3, 1987[216]
–
January 6, 1987
(successor took office) 		Democratic[215] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
40 Bob Martinez
(b. 1934)
[217][218] 		January 6, 1987[219]
–
January 8, 1991
(lost election) 		Republican[218] 1986 Bobby Brantley
41 Lawton Chiles
(1930–1998)
[220][221] 		January 8, 1991[222]
–
December 12, 1998
(died in office) 		Democratic[221] 1990 Buddy MacKay
1994
42 Buddy MacKay
(b. 1933)
[223][224] 		December 12, 1998[225]
–
January 5, 1999
(successor took office)[ac] 		Democratic[224] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
43 Jeb Bush
(b. 1953)
[226][227] 		January 5, 1999[228]
–
January 2, 2007
(term-limited)[aa] 		Republican[227] 1998 Frank Brogan
(resigned March 3, 2003)
2002
Toni Jennings
44 Charlie Crist
(b. 1956)
[229][230] 		January 2, 2007[231]
–
January 4, 2011
(did not run)[ad] 		Republican[ae] 2006 Jeff Kottkamp
45 Rick Scott
(b. 1952)
[233] 		January 4, 2011[234]
–
January 7, 2019[af]
(term-limited)[aa] 		Republican[233] 2010 Jennifer Carroll
(resigned March 12, 2013)
Vacant
Carlos Lopez-Cantera
(appointed February 3, 2014)
2014
46 Ron DeSantis
(b. 1978)
[236] 		January 8, 2019[237]
–
Incumbent[ag] 		Republican[236] 2018 Jeanette Núñez
2022

Acting governor

[edit]

Florida has had a number of people serve as acting governor. The state's first three constitutions provided that the succession in office became operative whenever the governor was out of the state. Thus, in 1853 when Governor Thomas Brown attended an event in Boston—the Senate president who would normally succeed the governor at the time was also out of state. Therefore, the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, A.K. Allison, became acting governor on September 16, 1853. He served for 17 days.[238]

Article IV Section 3 (b) of the Florida Constitution now calls for the lieutenant governor to "act as Governor" during the governor's physical or mental incapacity. This provision has been invoked one time. On June 18, 2008, Governor Charlie Crist filed a proclamation with the secretary of state transferring power of governor to Lt. Governor Jeff Kottkamp pursuant to the constitutional provision while he underwent knee surgery.[239]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Jackson's official title was "Commissioner and Governor of East and West Florida".[9]
  2. ^ Jackson left Florida on October 8, 1821.[10] His resignation was submitted on November 13, and the president accepted it on December 31.[11][12]
  3. ^ The range given is from the date the governor was confirmed by the Senate, or appointed by the President during a Senate recess, to the date the governor's successor was confirmed, unless noted.
  4. ^ Duval was nominated to be "Governor of the Floridas" on April 15, 1822.[16] This was withdrawn and he was nominated to be "Governor of the Territory of Florida" on April 16,[17] and confirmed by the Senate to that position on April 17.[18] No source specifies when he took office, but it was reported he reached Pensacola, then the capital, on June 22.[19] He was reconfirmed on March 8, 1825;[20] reappointed during Senate recesses on January 9, 1828,[21] and April 18, 1831;[21] and reconfirmed by the Senate on April 30, 1832.[22]
  5. ^ The nomination of Duval's successor says his commission would expire on April 17, 1834.[23]
  6. ^ At some point in 1827, the territorial secretary William M. McCarty acted as governor.[24]
  7. ^ Eaton was nominated on March 29, 1834, for a term beginning April 17, when his predecessor's commission expired;[23] confirmed by the Senate on April 24;[27] and took office on December 11.[25]
  8. ^ Call was nominated on February 18, 1836,[30] confirmed by the Senate on March 16,[31] and took office on April 4.[28] He was reconfirmed by the Senate on February 25, 1839.[32]
  9. ^ Multiple sources say Call's term ended on December 2, 1836,[33][21][34] but none say why, nor why this happened a week before Reid's confirmation on December 12.
  10. ^ Reid was nominated on December 11, 1839,[36] and confirmed by the Senate on December 12.[37]
  11. ^ Call was appointed on March 19, 1841,[21] during a Senate recess; nominated on June 17;[38] and confirmed by the Senate on August 11.[39]
  12. ^ Branch was nominated on June 14, 1844,[42] and confirmed by the Senate on June 15,[43] for a term to start August 11.
  13. ^ The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868,[56] abolished in 1885,[58] and recreated in 1968.[59]
  14. ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  15. ^ a b c d Under the 1839 constitution, governors were ineligible for re-election until four years had passed.[65]
  16. ^ Milton committed suicide due to the pending defeat of the Confederate States of America, stating in his final address to the legislature that "death would be preferable to reunion."[78]
  17. ^ Allison resigned to go into hiding from approaching Union troops, and was captured by them on June 19, 1865.[80]
  18. ^ Marvin was appointed provisional governor by the Union occupation.[84]
  19. ^ Represented the Republican Party
  20. ^ Reed was popularly elected under the terms of the 1868 constitution, and took the oath of office on June 8, 1868;[93] however, the federal commander of Florida did not recognize the validity of the state constitution and the election until July 4.[94][95]
  21. ^ During an attempted impeachment of Reed, Gleason proclaimed himself governor. The Supreme Court eventually sided with Reed, and Gleason was removed from office.[96]
  22. ^ Appointed as temporary lieutenant governor to replace William Henry Gleason. However, the state comptroller did not believe the governor could appoint a replacement to an elected office and refused to pay Weeks, and the Senate refused to accept his presidency over them, even proposing a motion to arrest him. Governor Reed called for a special election to replace him, and though Weeks fought it, the Florida Supreme Court declared his term to have ended when the new election results were certified.[97]
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Under the 1885 constitution, governors were ineligible for re-election for the succeeding term.[118]
  24. ^ Special election to fill the remainder of McCarty's term[190]
  25. ^ Burns lost the Democratic nomination to Robert King High. A constitutional amendment shifted the election schedule two years, and allowed the governor elected in 1964 to run for a second term.[201]
  26. ^ This term was only two years as the election schedule was changed so that it would not coincide with presidential elections.[198]
  27. ^ a b c Under the 1968 constitution, those who have served more than six years in two consecutive terms are ineligible for election to governor.[210]
  28. ^ Graham resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[214]
  29. ^ MacKay was a candidate in the 1998 election but lost; he succeeded Chiles after the election but before his successor took office.
  30. ^ Crist instead ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate.
  31. ^ Crist was elected as a member of the Republican Party, and switched to independent in April 2010.[232]
  32. ^ Due to Ron DeSantis and Jeannette Núñez taking their oath of office ahead of time, they became governor and lieutenant governor at midnight on January 8, rather than waiting for an inauguration ceremony. Thus, Scott and Lopez-Cantera's terms ended at the end of January 7.[235]
  33. ^ DeSantis' second term began on January 3, 2023, and will expire January 5, 2027; he will be term-limited

References

[edit]
General
Constitutions
Specific
  1. ^ "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  2. ^ FL Const. art. IV, § 1a
  3. ^ FL Const. art. III, § 8
  4. ^ FL Const. art. III, § 3c
  5. ^ FL Const. art. IV, § 8
  6. ^ "Mixson To Be Governor for 3 Days; Graham Will Quit Early so He Can Run for U.S. Senate Seat". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  7. ^ "Adams-Onís Treaty". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  8. ^ "Andrew Jackson, Commissioner of the United States". Florida Department of State. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  9. ^ a b "Andrew Jackson". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  10. ^ Morris, Allen; Joan Perry Morris (1999). The Florida Handbook, 1999–2000. Peninsular Books. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-9616000-7-5. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  11. ^ Harold D. Moser; David R. Hoth; George H. Hoemann, eds. (1996). The Papers of Andrew Jackson: 1821–1824. University of Tennessee Press. pp. xiv, 126, 513. ISBN 0-87049-897-5. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  12. ^ Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed. (1902). The Writings of James Monroe. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 207. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  13. ^ Peters, Virginia Bergman (1979). The Florida Wars. Hamden: The Shoestring Press. pp. 63–74. ISBN 0-208-01719-4.
  14. ^ McMullin 1984, pp. 97–98.
  15. ^ "William DuVal". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  16. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 17th Cong., 1st sess., 293, accessed February 18, 2023.
  17. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 17th Cong., 1st sess., 294, accessed February 18, 2023.
  18. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 17th Cong., 1st sess., 295, accessed February 18, 2023.
  19. ^ Knauss, James Owen (1932). "William Pope DuVal: Pioneer and State Builder". Florida Historical Quarterly. 11 (3): 100–101.
  20. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 19th Cong., special sess., 437, accessed February 18, 2023.
  21. ^ a b c d The Territorial Papers of the United States: Volume I: General. United States Government Publishing Office. 1934. p. 8.
  22. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 22nd Cong., 1st sess., 185, accessed February 18, 2023.
  23. ^ a b U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 23rd Cong., 1st sess., 380, accessed February 19, 2023.
  24. ^ "McCarty, William Mason". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  25. ^ a b McMullin 1984, pp. 98–99.
  26. ^ "John Henry Eaton". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  27. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 23rd Cong., 1st sess., 392, accessed February 19, 2023.
  28. ^ a b c McMullin 1984, pp. 99–101.
  29. ^ a b "Richard Keith Call". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  30. ^ U.S. Senate Exec. Journal. 24th Cong., 1st sess., 509, accessed February 19, 2023.
  31. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 24th Cong., 1st sess., 524, accessed February 19, 2023.
  32. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 25th Cong., 3rd sess., 204, accessed February 19, 2023.
  33. ^ Warner, Lee H. (1983). "Florida's Capitols". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 61 (3): 247. ISSN 0015-4113.
  34. ^ a b McMullin 1984, pp. 101–102.
  35. ^ "Robert Raymond Reid". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  36. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 26th Cong., 1st sess., 222, accessed February 19, 2023.
  37. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 26th Cong., 1st sess., 223, accessed February 19, 2023.
  38. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 27th Cong., 1st sess., 386, accessed February 19, 2023.
  39. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 27th Cong., 1st sess., 418, accessed February 19, 2023.
  40. ^ McMullin 1984, pp. 102–103.
  41. ^ "John Branch". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  42. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 28th Cong., 1st sess., 323, accessed February 19, 2023.
  43. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 28th Cong., 1st sess., 341, accessed February 19, 2023.
  44. ^ "Florida and the Civil War" A Short History". Florida Memory. State Library & Archives of Florida. Archived from the original on April 26, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  45. ^ "February 1861–1865". This Day in History. Florida Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  46. ^ Cox, Merlin (January 1968). "Military Reconstruction in Florida". Florida Historical Quarterly. 46 (3): 219.
  47. ^ "June in Florida History". This Day in History. Florida Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 14, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  48. ^ 1838 Const. art III, § 2
  49. ^ 1861 Const. art. III, § 2
  50. ^ 1865 Const. art. III, § 2
  51. ^ 1868 Const. art. V, § 2
  52. ^ a b 1885 Const. art. IV, § 2
  53. ^ a b FL Const. art. IV, § 5
  54. ^ FL Const. art. IV, § 2
  55. ^ 1838 Const. art III, § 18
  56. ^ a b 1865 Const. art. III, § 19
  57. ^ 1868 Const. art. V, § 15
  58. ^ a b 1885 Const. art. IV, § 19
  59. ^ a b FL Const. art. IV, § 3
  60. ^ "Whig Party | History, Beliefs, Significance, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
  61. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 251.
  62. ^ "William Dunn Moseley". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  63. ^ "William Dunn Moseley". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Kallenbach 1977, pp. 126–128.
  65. ^ "1839 Fla. Const. art. III, § 2". www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  66. ^ a b c d e Dubin 2003, p. 29.
  67. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 251–252.
  68. ^ "Thomas Brown". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  69. ^ "Thomas Brown". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  70. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 252.
  71. ^ "James Emilius Broome". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  72. ^ "James E. Broome". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  73. ^ "none". Pensacola Gazette. October 22, 1853. p. 2. Retrieved August 8, 2023. Gov. Broome was inaugurated at Tallahassee on the 3d inst.
  74. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 253.
  75. ^ "Madison Starke Perry". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  76. ^ "Madison Starke Perry". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  77. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 254.
  78. ^ a b "John Milton". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  79. ^ "John Milton". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  80. ^ a b "Abraham Kurkindolle Allison". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  81. ^ "Abraham Kurkindolle Allison". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  82. ^ "none". New York Daily Herald. May 5, 1865. p. 4. Retrieved August 8, 2023. Abraham K. Allison, President of the rebel Senate of Florida... officially announces the death of John Milton, the rebel Governor, and, as acting Governor ...
  83. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 254–255.
  84. ^ a b "William Marvin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  85. ^ "William Marvin". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  86. ^ "none". Evening Star. July 15, 1865. p. 1. Retrieved August 8, 2023. I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States... do hereby appoint William Marvin Provisional Governor as the State of Florida...
  87. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 255–256.
  88. ^ "David Shelby Walker". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  89. ^ "David Shelby Walker". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  90. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 256.
  91. ^ "Harrison Reed". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  92. ^ "Harrison Reed". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  93. ^ Florida Legislature. Journal of the Senate. 15th Leg., 1st sess., 4–5, accessed February 19, 2023.
  94. ^ "Harrison Reed". Museum of Florida History. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  95. ^ "Washington". Detroit Free Press. July 15, 1868. p. 1. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  96. ^ Davis, William Watson (1913). The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, Volume 53. Columbia University. pp. 550–555. ISBN 9780722201985. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  97. ^ Cases argued and adjudged in the Supreme Court of Florida. Vol. XIII. State of Florida. 1871. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  98. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 256–257.
  99. ^ "Ossian Bingley Hart". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  100. ^ "Ossian B. Hart". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  101. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 257–258.
  102. ^ "Marcellus Lovejoy Stearns". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  103. ^ "Marcellus L. Stearns". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  104. ^ "Death of the Governor of Florida". New Orleans Republican. March 19, 1874. p. 1. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  105. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 258–259.
  106. ^ "George Franklin Drew". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  107. ^ "George Franklin Drew". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  108. ^ "Drew's Inauguration". Memphis Daily Appeal. January 9, 1877. p. 2. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  109. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 259–260.
  110. ^ a b "William Dunnington Bloxham". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  111. ^ "William D. Bloxham". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  112. ^ "Florida". The Macon Telegraph. January 8, 1881. p. 2. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  113. ^ Prince, Sigsbee Jr. (January 1951). "Edward A. Perry, Yankee General of the Florida Brigade". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 29 (3): 202. JSTOR 30138822.
  114. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 260.
  115. ^ "Edward Aylsworth Perry". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  116. ^ "Edward Aylsworth Perry". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  117. ^ "Perry Inaugurated – Davis Speaker". The Pensacolian. January 10, 1885. p. 5. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  118. ^ "1885 Fla. Const. art. IV, § 2". www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  119. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 261.
  120. ^ "Francis Philip Fleming". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  121. ^ "Francis P. Fleming". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  122. ^ "Florida's New Governor". The Weekly Floridian. January 15, 1889. p. 2. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  123. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 261–262.
  124. ^ "Henry Laurens Mitchell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  125. ^ "Henry Laurens Mitchell". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  126. ^ "The Inauguration". The Pensacola News. January 4, 1893. p. 4. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  127. ^ "William D. Bloxham". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  128. ^ "Bloxham Is Inaugurated". The Atlanta Journal. January 5, 1897. p. 1. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  129. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 262–263.
  130. ^ "William Sherman Jennings". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  131. ^ "William S. Jennings". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  132. ^ "Governor Jennings". The Pensacola News. January 8, 1901. p. 5. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  133. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 263.
  134. ^ "Napoleon Bonaparte Broward". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  135. ^ "Napoleon Bonaparte Broward". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  136. ^ "Immense Crowds Greet New Governor of Florida". Pensacola News Journal. January 4, 1905. p. 1. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  137. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 264.
  138. ^ "Albert Waller Gilchrist". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  139. ^ "Albert Gilchrist". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  140. ^ "Gilchrist Inaugurated As Governor of Florida". Pensacola News Journal. January 6, 1909. p. 1. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  141. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 264–265.
  142. ^ "Park Trammell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  143. ^ "Park Trammell". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  144. ^ "Park Trammell Inaugurated Governor of Florida Amid Pomp and Splendor". The Miami News. January 7, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  145. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 265–266.
  146. ^ "Sidney Johnston Catts". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  147. ^ "Sidney Catts". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  148. ^ "Catts Today Becomes Governor of Florida". The Miami News. January 2, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  149. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 266.
  150. ^ "Cary Augustus Hardee". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  151. ^ "Cary Hardee". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  152. ^ "Hardee Is Inaugurated Governor". The Tampa Times. January 4, 1921. p. 1. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  153. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 267.
  154. ^ "John Wellborn Martin". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  155. ^ "John Martin". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  156. ^ "Martin Inaugurated Florida's Governor As Hardee Retires". The Miami Herald. Associated Press. January 7, 1925. p. 1. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  157. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 267–268.
  158. ^ "Doyle Elam Carlton". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  159. ^ "Doyle Carlton". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  160. ^ "Throng Sees Carlton Made Florida Chief". The Miami Herald. Associated Press. January 9, 1929. p. 1. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  161. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 268.
  162. ^ "David Sholtz". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  163. ^ "Dave Sholtz". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  164. ^ "Sholtz Becomes Governor of Florida". Tallahassee Democrat. January 3, 1933. p. 1. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  165. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 269.
  166. ^ "Frederick Preston Cone". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  167. ^ "Fred Cone". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  168. ^ "Fred P. Cone Takes Office As Governor". Tallahassee Democrat. Associated Press. January 5, 1937. p. 1. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  169. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 269–270.
  170. ^ "Spessard Lindsey Holland". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  171. ^ "Spessard Holland". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  172. ^ Abbott, Bill (January 8, 1941). "20,000 Cheer Holland As He Takes New Job". The Tampa Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  173. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 270.
  174. ^ "Millard Fillmore Caldwell". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  175. ^ "Millard Fillmore Caldwell". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  176. ^ "New Governor Sees Need for New Revenue". Tampa Bay Times. Associated Press. January 3, 1945. p. 1. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  177. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 270–271.
  178. ^ "Fuller Warren". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  179. ^ "Fuller Warren". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  180. ^ Murray, J. A. (January 5, 1949). "Governor Takes Office in Gala Show". The Tampa Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  181. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 271.
  182. ^ "Daniel Thomas McCarty". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  183. ^ "Dan McCarty". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  184. ^ McDermott, John (January 7, 1953). "McCarty, at Inaugural, Pledges Clean Regime". The Miami Herald. p. 1A. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  185. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 272.
  186. ^ "Charley Eugene Johns". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  187. ^ "Charley Johns". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  188. ^ "Gallant Fight for Life Ends With McCarty Death at 41". Tallahassee Democrat. Associated Press. September 29, 1953. p. 1. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  189. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 272–273.
  190. ^ a b "Thomas Leroy Collins". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  191. ^ "LeRoy Collins". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  192. ^ McDermott, John B. (January 5, 1955). "Outlaws 'Barter' of Votes for Jobs in Blast at Johns". The Miami Herald. p. 1A. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  193. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 273–274.
  194. ^ "Cecil Farris Bryant". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  195. ^ "Farris Bryant". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  196. ^ McDermott, John (January 4, 1961). "Bryant Calls on Floridians To Stamp Out Sectionalism". The Miami Herald. p. 1A. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  197. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 274.
  198. ^ a b "Haydon Burns". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  199. ^ "Haydon Burns". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  200. ^ Bradford, Vernon (January 6, 1965). "Governor Urges Unity for Florida". The Tampa Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  201. ^ "1885 Fla. Const. amend. 223". www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  202. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 274–275.
  203. ^ "Claude Roy Kirk". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  204. ^ "Claude Roy Kirk, Jr". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  205. ^ Bradford, Duane (January 4, 1967). "Kirk Calls Legislators To Act on Constitution". The Tampa Tribune. p. 1A. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  206. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 275–276.
  207. ^ "Reubin O'Donovan Askew". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  208. ^ "Reubin O'Donovan Askew". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  209. ^ McDermott, John (January 6, 1971). "Askew Puts Tax Reform Before Sales Levy Hike". The Miami Herald. p. 1A. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  210. ^ "Fla. Const. art. IV, § 5". www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  211. ^ "Daniel Robert Graham". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  212. ^ a b "D. Robert (Bob) Graham". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  213. ^ McDermott, John (January 3, 1979). "Graham Takes State Reins". The Miami Herald. p. 1A. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  214. ^ Anderson, Paul (January 4, 1987). "Mixson Begins 3-Day Tenure as Governor". The Miami Herald. p. 10A. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  215. ^ a b "Wayne Mixson". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  216. ^ Oetgen, Albert (January 4, 1987). "Dapper Dans and the President Kick Off Mixson's Three-Day Term". Tallahassee Democrat. p. 1A. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  217. ^ "Robert Martinez". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  218. ^ a b "Robert (Bob) Martinez". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  219. ^ Silva, Mark; Anderson, Paul (January 7, 1987). "Martinez Takes Florida Reins". The Miami Herald. p. 1A. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  220. ^ "Lawton Chiles". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  221. ^ a b "Lawton M. Chiles". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  222. ^ Van Gieson, John C. (January 9, 1991). "Governor Promises No New Taxes This Year". The Orlando Sentinel. p. A1. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  223. ^ "Kenneth Hood Mackay". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  224. ^ a b "Kenneth Hood "Buddy" MacKay, Jr". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  225. ^ Bousquet, Steve; Long, Phil (December 13, 1998). "Stricken During Exercise at Mansion". The Miami Herald. p. 1A. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  226. ^ "Jeb Bush". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  227. ^ a b "John Ellis (Jeb) Bush". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  228. ^ Silva, Mark (January 6, 1999). "Inaugural Address Targets Education, Social Services". The Miami Herald. p. 1A. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  229. ^ "Charlie Crist". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  230. ^ "Charles (Charlie) J. Crist, Jr". Florida Memory. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  231. ^ Bousquet, Steve (January 3, 2007). "Take Oath. Look Ahead". Tampa Bay Times. p. 1A. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  232. ^ "Can Crist Win in Florida as an Independent?". Time. May 3, 2010. Archived from the original on May 5, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
  233. ^ a b "Rick Scott". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  234. ^ Bender, Michael C.; Klas, Mary Ellen (January 5, 2011). "Governor Goes To Work". The Miami Herald. p. 1A. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  235. ^ "DeSantis already governor when ceremony begins". Tampa Bay Times. January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  236. ^ a b "Ron DeSantis". National Governors Association. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  237. ^ Ceballos, Ana (January 9, 2019). "Gov. Ron DeSantis Puts Environment on Center Stage As He Takes the Oath of Office". Tallahassee Democrat. p. 1A. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  238. ^ Allen Morris & Joan Perry Morris, "The Florida Handbook" 2007-2008.
  239. ^ "Gov. Crist Has Surgery on Knee". The Ledger. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
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