Arthur Wynne
Arthur Wynne | |
|---|---|
| Born | June 22, 1871 Liverpool, England |
| Died | January 14, 1945 (aged 73) Clearwater, Florida, U.S. |
| Citizenship | United Kingdom (1871–1945) United States (1920s–1945) |
| Known for | Inventor of crossword puzzle |
Arthur Wynne (/wɪn/; June 22, 1871 – January 14, 1945) was the British-born inventor of the modern crossword puzzle.
Early life
[edit]Arthur Wynne was born on June 22, 1871, in Liverpool, England, and lived on Edge Lane for a time. His father was the editor of the local newspaper, the Liverpool Mercury.[1] He emigrated to the United States on June 6, 1891, at the age of 19,[2] settling for a time in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[dead link][3]
Career
[edit]
While in Pittsburgh, Wynne worked on the Pittsburgh Press newspaper[3] and played the violin in the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra.[4] He later moved to New York City and worked on the New York World newspaper. He is best known for the invention of the crossword puzzle in 1913, when he was a resident of Cedar Grove, New Jersey.[5]
Wynne created the page of puzzles for the "Fun" section of the Sunday edition of the New York World. For the December 21, 1913, edition, he introduced a puzzle with a diamond shape and a hollow center, with the letters F-U-N already being filled in. He called it a "Word-Cross Puzzle."[6]
Although Wynne's invention was based on earlier puzzle forms, such as the word diamond, he introduced a number of innovations (e.g. the use of horizontal and vertical lines to create boxes for solvers to enter letters). He subsequently pioneered the use of black squares in a symmetrical arrangement to separate words in rows and columns. With the exception of the numbering scheme, the form of Wynne's "Word-Cross" puzzles is that used for modern crosswords.[6]
A few weeks after the first "Word-Cross" appeared, the name of the puzzle was changed to "Cross-Word" as a result of a typesetting error.[5] Wynne's puzzles have been known as "crosswords" ever since.
Later life and death
[edit]Arthur Wynne became a naturalized US citizen in the 1920s.[7] He died in Clearwater, Florida, on January 14, 1945.[4]
Legacy
[edit]On December 20, 2013, he was honored with an interactive Google Doodle commemorating the "100th anniversary of the first crossword puzzle"[8][9][10] with a puzzle by Merl Reagle. Numerous other constructors also created tribute puzzles to Wynne to commemorate the anniversary.
References
[edit]- ^ Hughes, Lorna. "The History makers of Merseyside". Liverpool Echo. No. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
- ^ Declaration of Intention [to become a naturalized US citizen] dated March 21, 1917, New Jersey State Archives
- ^ a b "Arthur Wynne, o Desconhecido Ilustre". Archived June 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b U.P. obituary dated January 15, 1945.
- ^ a b Jaegar, Philip Edward (2000). Cedar Grove. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0452-1
- ^ a b Augarde, Tony (2003). The Oxford Guide to Word Games. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866264-5.
- ^ U.S. Census 1920, 1930
- ^ Waxman, Olivia B. (December 20, 2013). "Crossword Inventor Arthur Wynne Honored with Google Doodle". Time Inc. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
- ^ Cavna, Michael (December 20, 2013). "CROSSWORD GOOGLE DOODLE: Behind the scenes, here's how today's 100th-anniversary interactive puzzle came out letter-perfect". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
- ^ Crum, Chris (December 20, 2013). "Crossword Inventor Arthur Wynne Gets A Google Doodle". WebProNews. Retrieved December 20, 2013.