Black Sea Fleet
This article needs to be updated.(May 2024) |
Russian Black Sea Fleet | |
---|---|
Черноморский флот | |
Active | 13 May 1783 – present |
Allegiance |
|
Branch | Russian Navy |
Role | Naval warfare; Amphibious military operations; Combat patrols in the Black Sea and occupied Sea of Azov |
Size | 25,000 personnel (including marines)[1] (in 2014) c. approx 50 surface warships (frigates, corvettes, missile boats, minesweepers) plus landing ships, oilers, tugs, survey, intelligence and auxiliary vessels 6 submarines (2 of which are in the Mediterranean)[2][3] |
Part of | Russian Armed Forces |
Garrison/HQ | Sevastopol (HQ), Feodosia (Crimea) Novorossiysk HQ, Tuapse, Temryuk (Krasnodar Krai) Taganrog (Rostov Oblast) |
Anniversaries | 13 May |
Engagements | |
Commanders | |
Current commander | Vice Adm. Sergei Pinchuk |
Notable commanders | Grigory Potemkin Adm. Fyodor Ushakov Adm. Alexander Menshikov Adm. Pavel Nakhimov Adm. Yevgeni Alekseyev Adm. Andrey Ehbergard Adm. Alexander Kolchak Adm. Ivan Yumashev Adm. Filipp Oktyabrskiy Adm. Lev Vladimirsky Fleet Adm. Sergey Gorshkov Fleet Adm. Vladimir Kasatonov Adm. Vladimir Masorin |
Navies of Russia |
---|
The Black Sea Fleet (Russian: Черноморский флот, romanized: Chernomorskiy flot) is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Mediterranean Sea. The Black Sea Fleet, along with other Russian ground and air forces on the Crimean Peninsula, are subordinate to the Southern Military District of the Russian Armed Forces. The fleet traces its history to its founding by Prince Potemkin on 13 May 1783 as part of the Imperial Russian Navy. The Russian SFSR inherited the fleet in 1918; with the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, it became part of the Soviet Navy. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Black Sea Fleet was partitioned between the Russian Federation and Ukraine in 1997, with Russia receiving title to 82% of the vessels.
The Black Sea Fleet has its official primary headquarters and facilities at the Sevastopol Naval Base, Crimea, which Russia annexed from Ukraine in 2014. The rest of the fleet's facilities are based in locations on the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, including Krasnodar Krai, Rostov Oblast and Crimea.
The ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War led to major operations and losses due to Ukrainian missiles and umanned surface vehicles including the flagship Moskva and several landing vessels. Additionally, there was a 2023 Ukrainian missile strike against the Black Sea Fleet HQ in Sevastopol itself;[4][5] After another attack on 24 March 2024, a Ukraine spokesperson said that they have disabled or damaged one third of the fleet during the war.[6] In June, Ukraine said was now highly likely that they had destroyed all of the Black Sea Fleet's missile carrier capability based in Crimea.[7] On 2 August, another missile attack sank a Russian submarine that was under repair.
History
Imperial Russian Navy
The Black Sea Fleet is considered to have been founded by Prince Potemkin on 13 May 1783, together with its principal base, the city of Sevastopol. Formerly commanded by admirals such as Dmitry Senyavin and Pavel Nakhimov, it is a fleet of great historical and political importance for Russia. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 Russian control over Crimea was confirmed and Russian naval forces under the command of Admiral Fyodor Ushakov defeated the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Kerch Strait in 1790, preventing the Turks from landing a force in Crimea; while Ushakov's victory at Tendra allowed the Russians to begin the siege of Izmail, a potent Ottoman stronghold by the Black Sea, which was twice besieged without effect.
During the French Revolutionary Wars, the Black Sea Fleet was initially deployed under the command of Admiral Ushakov, in conjunction with the Turks, against French forces during the Siege of Corfu. The victory led to the establishment of the Septinsular Republic with the island of Corfu then serving as a base for Russian naval units in the Mediterranean operating against the French.
Turkey, encouraged by the French, went to war with Russia in the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812. The Russian fleet (deploying from the Baltic, but joining some vessels of the Black Sea Fleet already in the Mediterranean prior to the outbreak of war)[8] under the command of Admiral Dmitry Senyavin played an instrumental role in this conflict securing victories at both the Battle of the Dardanelles (1807) and the Battle of Athos.
After the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, the Russians, together with the British and French, intervened in the Greek War of Independence defeating the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Navarino in 1827 and helping to secure Greek independence (though once again, the Russian fleet was compelled to deploy from the Baltic). Turkish closure of the Dardanelles Straits then sparked a renewed Russo-Turkish conflict from 1828 to 1829 which led to the Russians gaining further territory along the eastern Black Sea.
The restriction imposed on the Black Sea Fleet by Turkish control of the Straits was influential in motivating Russia from time-to-time to attempt to secure control of the passage, which became a recurrent theme in Russian policy. From 1841 onward, the Russian fleet was formally confined to the Black Sea by the London Straits Convention.[9]
Crimean War
In 1853, the Black Sea Fleet destroyed Turkish naval forces at the Battle of Sinop after the Turks had declared war on Russia. Nevertheless, during the ensuing Crimean War, the Russians were placed on the defensive and the allies were able to land their forces in Crimea and, ultimately, capture Sevastopol.[9]
As a result of the Crimean War, one provision of the 1856 Treaty of Paris was that the Black Sea was to be a demilitarized zone similar to the Island of Åland in the Baltic Sea.
1877 conflict with Turkey
This hampered the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and in the aftermath of that conflict, Russia moved to reconstitute its naval strength and fortifications in the Black Sea.[citation needed]
1905 revolution
The Black Sea Fleet would play an instrumental political role in the 1905 Russian Revolution with the crew of the battleship Potemkin revolting in 1905 soon after the Navy's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. The revolt acquired a symbolic character in the lead up to the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and after, as portrayed in the 1925 film by Sergei Eisenstein, Battleship Potemkin. Lenin wrote that the Potemkin uprising had had a huge importance in terms of being the first attempt at creating the nucleus of a revolutionary army.[citation needed]
World War I and Russian Civil War
During World War I, there were a number of encounters between the Russian and Ottoman navies in the Black Sea. The Ottomans initially had the advantage due to having under their command the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben, but after the two modern Russian dreadnoughts Imperatritsa Mariya and Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya had been built in Nikolaev, the Russians took command of the sea until the Russian government collapsed in November 1917. German submarines of the Constantinople Flotilla and Turkish light forces would continue to raid and harass Russian shipping until the war's end.
In 1918, some elements of the fleet were interned by the Central Powers as a result of their advance into South Russia. In the April Crimea operation, the goal of both Ukrainians and Germans was to get control over the Black Sea Fleet, anchored in Sevastopol. Former Chief of Staff Mikhail Sablin raised the colours of the Ukrainian National Republic on 29 April 1918,[10] and moved a portion of the Ukrainian fleet (two battleships and fourteen destroyers) to Novorossiysk in order to save it from capture by the Germans.
He was ordered to scuttle his ships by Lenin but refused to do so. Most ships returned to Sevastopol, where they first came under German control. In November 1918 they came under control of the Allies, who later gave the ships to Wrangel's fleet of the Whites.
In 1919, following the collapse of the Central Powers' occupation in Western Russia, the Red Fleet of Ukraine was established out of certain remnants of the Russian Imperial Fleet. However, subsequently these elements were either scuttled or captured by the Western Allies. During the ensuing Russian Civil War, the chaotic political and strategic situation in southern Russia permitted the intervening Western allies to occupy Odessa, Sevastopol and other centres with relative ease.
Most of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet became part of the "Russian Squadron" of Wrangel's armed forces. Following the defeat of anti-Bolshevik forces and the evacuation of Crimea by White forces, the fleet itself sailed to Tunisia. Out of those ships, some passed to the French Navy while others were sold as scrap.
Soviet Navy
With the defeat of the anti-Bolshevik Armed Forces of South Russia, the Soviet government took control of all naval elements. The few ships that remained in the Black Sea were scrapped in the 1920s and a large scale new construction programme began in the 1930s. Over 500 new ships were built[citation needed] during that period and a massive expansion of coastal infrastructure took place. The Black Sea Fleet was commanded by Vice Admiral F.S. Oktyabrskiy on the outbreak of war with Germany in June 1941.
World War II
During World War II despite the scale of the German/Axis advance in southern Russia, and the capture of Crimea by Axis forces in mid-1942, the Fleet, though badly mauled, gave a creditable account of itself as it fought alongside the Red Army during the Siege of Odessa and the Battle of Sevastopol.[11]
Soviet hospital ship Armenia was sunk on 7 November 1941 by German aircraft while evacuating civilians and wounded soldiers from Crimea. It has been estimated that approximately 5,000 to 7,000 people were killed during the sinking, making it one of the deadliest maritime disasters in history. There were only 8 survivors.[12]
Cold War
With the end of World War II, the Soviet Union effectively dominated the Black Sea region. The Soviet Union controlled the entire north and east of the Black Sea while pro-Soviet regimes were installed in Romania and Bulgaria. As members of the Warsaw Pact, the Romanian and Bulgarian navies supplemented the strength of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet.[13] Only Turkey remained outside the Soviet Black Sea security regime and the Soviets initially pressed for joint control of the Bosporus Straits with Turkey; a position which Turkey rejected.[14]
In 1952, Turkey decided to join NATO, placing the Bosporus Straits in the Western sphere of influence. Nevertheless, the terms of the Montreux Convention limited NATO's options with respect to directly reinforcing Turkey's position in the Black Sea. The Soviets, in turn, had some of their naval options in the Mediterranean restricted by the Montreux Convention limitations.[15]
In the later post-war period, along with the Northern Fleet, the Black Sea Fleet provided ships for the 5th Operational Squadron in the Mediterranean, which confronted the United States Navy during the Arab-Israeli wars, notably during the Yom Kippur War in 1973.[16]
In 1988 Coastal Troops and Naval Aviation units of the Black Sea Fleet included:[17]
- Danube Flotilla:
- 116th River Ship Brigade (Izmail, Odesa Oblast)
- 112th Reconnaissance Ship Brigade (Lake Donuzlav (Mirnyy), Crimean Oblast)
- 37th Rescue Ship Brigade (Sevastopol, Crimean Oblast)
- Marine and Coastal Defense Forces Department
- 810th Naval Infantry Brigade (Sevastopol, Crimean Oblast)
- 362nd independent Coastal Missile Regiment (Balaklava, Crimean Oblast)
- 138th independent Coastal Missile Regiment (Chernomorsk, Crimean Oblast)
- 417th independent Coastal Missile Regiment (Sevastopol, Crimean Oblast)
- 51st independent Coastal Missile Regiment (Mekenzerye, Crimean Oblast)
- Naval Air Forces Department of the Black Sea Fleet
- 2nd Guards Maritime Missile Aviation Division (Gvardeyskoye, Crimean Oblast)(three regiments of maritime attack Tu-22M2s[18]
- 5th Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment (Veseloye, Crimean Oblast) – disbanded 15.11.94.
- 124th Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment (Gvardeskoye, Crimean Oblast) – disbanded 1993.
- 943rd Maritime Missile Aviation Regiment (Oktyabrskoye) – disbanded 1996.
- 30th independent Maritime Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Saki-Novofedorovka, Crimean Oblast)(Tu-22P)
- 318th independent Anti-Submarine Aviation Regiment (Lake Donuzlav, Crimean Oblast)
- 78th independent Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Regiment (Lake Donuzlav, Crimean Oblast)
- 872nd independent Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Regiment (Kacha, Crimean Oblast)
- 917th independent Transport Aviation Regiment (Kacha, Crimean Oblast)
- 859th Training Center for Naval Aviation (Kacha, Crimean Oblast)
- 2nd Guards Maritime Missile Aviation Division (Gvardeyskoye, Crimean Oblast)(three regiments of maritime attack Tu-22M2s[18]
In 1989, the 126th Motor Rifle Division at Simferopol was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet from the Odesa Military District. Also that year, the 119th Fighter Aviation Division, with the 86th Guards, 161st, and 841st Guards Fighter Aviation Regiments, joined the Fleet from the 5th Air Army.[19] The 86th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment became part of the Moldovan Air Force upon the breakup of the Soviet Union. The 841st at Meria airport (between Poti and Batumi in the Adjar ASSR) (Georgian SSR) became the 841st independent Guards Anti-Submarine Helicopter Regiment in May 1991 and was disbanded in October 1992.[20]
The 43rd Aviation Sevastopol Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Regiment of Fighter-Bombers, after being included in the Air Force of the Red Banner Black Sea Fleet on 1 December 1990, was renamed the 43rd Separate Naval Assault Aviation Sevastopol Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Regiment.
After the fall of the Soviet Union
With the fall of the Soviet Union and the demise of the Warsaw Pact, the military importance of the fleet was degraded and it suffered significant funding cuts and the loss of its major missions.
In the early 1990s the fleet had 645 ships and 72,000 personnel.[21]
In 1992, the major part of the personnel, armaments and coastal facilities of the Fleet fell under formal jurisdiction of the newly independent Ukraine as they were situated on Ukrainian territory. Later, the Ukrainian government ordered the establishment of its own Ukrainian Navy based on the Black Sea Fleet; several ships and ground formations declared themselves Ukrainian.
However, this immediately led to conflicts with the majority of officers who appeared to be loyal to Russia. According to pro-Ukrainian sailors they were declared "drunkards and villains" and they and their families were harassed.[22] They have also claimed that their names were branded "traitors to Russia" on local graffiti.[22] Simultaneously, pro-Russian separatist groups became active in the local politics of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol where the major naval bases were situated, and started coordinating their efforts with pro-Moscow seamen.
During this time the Georgian Civil War broke out. Fighting erupted between two separatist minorities of South Ossetia and Abkhazia supported by Russia on one side and the Georgian government led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia on the other. However, he was ousted during the so-called Tbilisi War in 1991. The new government continued the fighting against the break-away republics, but at the same time asked Russia's president Boris Yeltsin for support against the 'Zviadists' who were trying to regain power. This led to the Black Sea Fleet landing in Georgia (despite the unsettled dispute over ownership of the fleet), and resulted in the Battle of Poti.[23]
Joint Fleet and its partition
Presidents Leonid Kuchma of Ukraine and Boris Yeltsin of Russia negotiated terms for dividing the fleet, and to ease the tensions, on 10 June 1995 the two governments signed an interim treaty,[24] establishing a joint Russo-Ukrainian Black Sea Fleet under bilateral command (and Soviet Navy flag) until a full-scale partition agreement could be reached. Formally, the Fleet's Commander was to be appointed by a joint order of the two countries' presidents. However, Russia still dominated the Fleet unofficially, and a Russian admiral was appointed as Commander; the majority of the fleet personnel adopted Russian citizenship. Minor tensions between the Fleet and the new Ukrainian Navy (such as electricity cut-offs and sailors' street-fighting) continued.
In 1996 the 126th Motor Rifle Division was disestablished.
Moscow mayor Yuriy Luzhkov campaigned to annex the city of Sevastopol, which housed the fleet's headquarters and main naval base, and in December the Russian Federation Council officially endorsed the claim. Spurred by these territorial claims, Ukraine proposed a "special partnership" with NATO in January 1997.[25]
On 28 May 1997, Russia and Ukraine signed several agreements regarding the fleet including the Partition Treaty, establishing two independent national fleets and dividing armaments and bases between them.[26] Ukraine agreed to lease major parts of its facilities to the Russian Black Sea Fleet until 2017.[27] However, permanent tensions on the lease details continued. The Fleet's main base was still situated in the Crimean port city of Sevastopol. In 2009 the Yushchenko Ukrainian government declared that the lease would not be extended and that the fleet would have to leave Sevastopol by 2017.[28]
Due to the lack of fleet facilities in Russia, the former naval area at the Port of Novorossiysk was revived in September 1994, and officially reorganised as Novorossiysk Naval Base in 1997.[8] The Russian Federation planned to house the headquarters and the bulk of the fleet there, and undertook a major upgrade of Novorossiysk military facilities starting in 2005 and finishing in 2022.[citation needed]
In April 2010 President Yanukovych renegotiated and extended the Russian leasehold until 2042 and an option for an additional five years until 2047 plus consideration of further renewals. This deal proved controversial in Ukraine.[29][30][31][32][33] It appeared to violate the constitutional ban on basing foreign military forces, and would eventually lead to high treason charges.[citation needed]
In this regard, relations between Russia and Ukraine over the status of the Fleet continued to be strained. In an August 2009 letter to Russian President Medvedev, Ukrainian President Yushchenko complained about alleged "infringements of bilateral agreements and Ukrainian legislation"[34]
In June 2009, the head of the Security Service of Ukraine said that after 13 December 2009, all officers from the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) represented at the Black Sea Fleet would be required to leave Ukraine. From then, the Security Service of Ukraine would ensure the security of the Black Sea Fleet, including Russian sailors on Ukrainian territory.[35] However, according to the Russian Foreign Ministry, employees of the FSB working at the Black Sea Fleet facilities were to remain on Ukrainian territory "in line with bilateral agreements".[36] In 2010, based on an agreement between the Ukrainian and Russian governments, military counterintelligence officers from the Federal Security Service returned to the Black Sea Fleet base.[37]
Despite these differences, joint exercises between the Ukrainian Navy and the Black Sea Fleet of Russia resumed with a command-staff exercise in June 2010 after a seven-year interval.[38] In May 2011, Russia and Ukraine resumed their joint "Peace Fairway" (Farvater Mira) naval exercises.[39]
Georgia in the Fleet partition
The newly independent nation of Georgia, which also hosted several bases of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet when it was the Georgian SSR, also claimed a share of the Fleet, including 32 naval vessels formerly stationed at Georgia's Black Sea port of Poti. Not a CIS member at that time, Georgia was not, however, included in the initial negotiations in January 1992. Additionally, some low-importance bases situated in the Russian-backed breakaway autonomy of Abkhazia soon escaped any Georgian control.[40]
In 1996, Georgia resumed its demands, and the Russian refusal to allot Georgia a portion of the ex-Soviet navy became another bone of contention in the progressively deteriorating Georgian-Russian relations. This time, Ukraine endorsed Tbilisi's claims, turning over several patrol boats to the Georgian Navy and starting to train Georgian crews, but was unable to include in the final fleet deal a transfer of the formerly Poti-based vessels to Georgia.[40] Later, the rest of the Georgian share was decided to be ceded to Russia in return for diminution of debt.
Russia employed part of the fleet during the 2008 Georgian conflict. Russian units operating off Abkhazia region resulted in a reported skirmish and sinking of a ship of the Georgian Navy. Since the 2008 South Ossetia war the Russian Black Sea Fleet has not taken part in any joint naval exercises involving Georgian warships.[41] However, such a statement has little meaning since the Georgian Navy has ceased to exist (early 2009 it was merged with the Georgian coast guard).[42]
Russo-Ukrainian War
Russian annexation of Crimea
The 2014 political crisis in Ukraine rapidly engulfed Crimea where pro-Russian separatist sentiment was strong.[43][44][45][better source needed] When the Russian Government determined to seize Crimea, specialist Russian military units appear to have played the central role. In March, the Ukrainians claimed that units of the 18th Motor Rifle Brigade, 31st Air Assault Brigade and 22nd Spetsnaz Brigade were deployed and operating in Crimea, instead of Black Sea Fleet personnel, which violated international agreements signed by Ukraine and Russia.[46][47] Nevertheless, at minimum the Black Sea Fleet played a supporting role including with respect to preventing the departure of Ukrainian naval vessels from Crimea.[48] Other sources suggested that the 810th Naval Infantry Brigade of the Fleet was also involved.[49]
After the annexation of Crimea, the Ukrainian Armed Forces and the Ukrainian Navy were evicted from their bases and subsequently withdrew from the peninsula.[50] During the occupation, Russian forces seized 54 out of 67 ships of the Ukrainian Navy.[51][unreliable source] According to sources from Black Sea Fleet Headquarters, inspections of all ships were to be done by the end of 2014.[52][better source needed] On 8 April 2014 an agreement was reached between Russia and Ukraine to return Ukrainian Navy materials to Ukraine proper.[53] The greater portion of the Ukrainian naval ships and vessels were then returned to Ukraine but Russia suspended this process after Ukraine did not renew its unilaterally declared ceasefire on 1 July 2014 in the conflict in the Donbas.[54] According to the fleet commander Aleksandr Vitko, this happened because the vessels were old "and, if used [by Ukraine], could hurt its own people".[55]
Crimea was then formally annexed into Russia through a referendum, but this was declared invalid by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262.[56]
Strengthening the fleet
This section needs to be updated.(March 2024) |
From that point, Russia proceeded to consolidate its military position in Crimea, which it now regards as an integral part of the Russian Federation, though this position is not one supported by the vast majority of the international community. The Russian seizure of Crimea in 2014 changed the situation and role of the Black Sea Fleet significantly. Analysis undertaken by Micheal Peterson of the US Naval War College suggested that since the Russian seizure of Crimea, the modernization of Russian shore-based assets and of the Black Sea Fleet itself assisted in re-establishing Russian military dominance in the region. Specifically Peterson argued in 2019: "Russian maritime dominance in the Black Sea is back. The shift was made possible by Moscow's 2014 seizure of Crimea and subsequent buildup of combat and maritime law enforcement capabilities in the region".[57]
Prior to the annexation of Crimea,[when?] divergent announcements had been made concerning the future composition of the fleet. In June 2010, Russian Navy Commander-in-Chief Admiral Vladimir Vysotsky announced that Russia was reviewing plans for the naval modernization of the Black Sea Fleet. The plans include 15 new warships and submarines by 2020.[citation needed] These vessels were to partially replace the reported decommissioning of Kerch, Ochakov (decommissioned in 2011 and sunk as a blockship in 2014), several large support ships, and a diesel-electric submarine. Also in 2010, Russian Navy Headquarters sources projected that, by 2020, six frigates of the Project 22350 Admiral Gorshkov class, six submarines of Project 677 Lada class, two large landing ships of Project 11711 Ivan Gren class and four class-unspecified ships would be delivered. Due to the obsolescence of the Beriev Be-12 by 2015, they were planned to be replaced with Il-38s. Sukhoi Su-24M aircraft were planned to be upgraded to Su-24M2 at the same time.[58][59][60][needs update]
Since the annexation of Crimea, the composition of the Black Sea Fleet shifted focus to the Improved Kilo-class submarines instead of the Lada, the Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates and at least three new classes of missile corvettes (the Steregushchiy, Karakurt and Buyan-M classes). The deployment of the Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate with the Black Sea Fleet was still anticipated, though in reduced numbers.[61] The replacement of the Black Sea Fleet's Soviet-era missile boats and corvettes with vessels of more modern design had been a priority since 2010. A similar modernization is also taking place in the Baltic Fleet and the Caspian Flotilla. Utilizing Russia's internal waterways provides the Russian Navy with the capacity to transfer both corvettes and other light units, such as landing craft, among its three western fleets and the Caspian Flotilla as may be required.[62] Analysis in May 2022 suggested that it might be feasible for the Russian Navy even to move its Kilo-class submarines between the Black Sea and the Baltic via the internal waterways.[63]
The projection of power into the Mediterranean also returned[when?] as a significant role for the Black Sea Fleet with the creation of the Russian Navy's permanent task force in the Mediterranean. Both the Black Sea Fleet and the Caspian Flotilla have supported Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War with units from the former now routinely deployed into the Mediterranean.[64][65][66] The deployment of submarines from the Black Sea Fleet to the Mediterranean has become[when?] a routine occurrence (though the need to send them for "maintenance" in the Baltic, so as to comply with terms of the Montreux Convention, lengthens the timeframe of such deployments significantly).[67][full citation needed] In late 2021 it was reported that one of the new Priboy-class helicopter assault ships, the Mitrofan Moskalenko, had been earmarked to enter service with the Black Sea Fleet "within the next few years" in the role of fleet flagship.[68] If confirmed such a deployment would significantly enhance the fleet's power projection capabilities.[according to whom?]
Also significant is the build-up of Russian surface-to-surface and surface-to-air missile assets in the region. Dmitry Gorenburg of the Centre for Naval Analysis (CNA) has noted in 2018 that: "Russia's expanded military footprint in Crimea allows it to carry out a range of operations that it was not capable of prior to 2014. The deployment of S-400, Bastion-P and Bal missiles allows the Russian military to establish an anti-access/area denial zone (A2/AD) covering almost all of the Black Sea. By using a combination of ground-based and ship-based missiles, backed with strong electronic warfare capabilities, the Russian military can inhibit military movement into the Black Sea and deny freedom of action to an opponent if it does make it into the theater. The long-range sea-, air-, and ground-launched missiles deny access, while shorter-range coastal and air defense systems focus on the area denial mission. The result is several interlocking air defense zones".[69]
As of 2020[update], ongoing technological upgrades of this already robust SAM network were planned during the 2020s.[70] Others, such as Michael Kofman of CNA, argued in 2019 that while there is no A2/AD doctrine or term in Russian military strategy, Russian forces nevertheless are organized at an operational and strategic level to deploy a wide range of overlapping defensive and offensive capabilities that extend beyond just one theatre of operations like the Black Sea.[71]
The evident American response to the dense shore-based anti-ship and air defence capabilities that Russia has developed in the Black Sea region, and elsewhere, has been to place greater emphasis on striking at potential Black Sea and other targets utilizing stand-off air-launched cruise missiles deployed on American long-range bombers.[72] Additionally, the United States, the United Kingdom and Turkey have entered into contracts to supply new corvettes, missile-armed fast attack craft, patrol boats and unmanned air vehicles to the Ukrainian Navy.[73]
In 2020, the Black Sea Fleet obtained seven new warships and auxiliary ships, including corvette Grayvoron, patrol ship Pavel Derzhavin, seagoing tug Sergey Balk, as well as a harbour tugs and three hydrographic survey vessels. In 2021, Russian sources said that the same number of vessels should enter service.[74][needs update]
Russo-Ukrainian naval standoff
On 29 January 2021, three US naval vessels entered the Black Sea for the first time in three years.[75] On 1 February, the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky argued for NATO membership for Ukraine.[76] On 19 March, another significant US naval deployment to the Black Sea took place, as cruiser USS Monterey and destroyer USS Thomas Hudner entered the sea on 19 and 20 March respectively.[77][78] Prior to the scheduled deployment, on 12 March Russian cruiser Moskva made an exit to sea and on 19 March all six submarines of the Black Sea Fleet went to sea, which was an unprecedented event.[79][80]
Russian ground forces also started a buildup on the border with Ukraine. On 2 April, Zelensky had his first telephone conversation with Biden, and on 6 April he called NATO's Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg pressuring NATO to speed up Ukrainian path to the membership.[81] On 8 April, Russia started moving ten of its Caspian Flotilla warships to the Black Sea. Six amphibious and three artillery boats of Serna and Shmel classes, as well as a hydrographic boat GS-599, were reported in transit, while Black Sea Fleet frigate Admiral Essen conducted an artillery exercise, usually done to raise the readiness for the amphibious landing.[82][83][84][85][86] The same day, the US decided to send two warships to the Black Sea.[87]
On 9 April 2021, tensions rose further and Ukraine promised not to attack the separatists, while Russia considered intervening.[88][89] On the same day, two Black Sea Fleet corvettes, Vishny Volochyok and Gravoron, conducted an exercise.[90] The two US destroyers were clarified by Turkey to be USS Roosevelt and USS Donald Cook, while Putin stressed the importance of the Montreux Convention in a telephone conversation with Turkish president Recep Erdogan.[91][92] On 14 April, the deployment of the two US destroyers was cancelled.[93] On 17 April, amphibious ships Aleksandr Otrakovsky and Kondoponga of the Northern Fleet and Kaliningrad and Korolyov of the Baltic Fleet strengthened the amphibious warfare capabilities of the Black Sea Fleet.[94] On 30 April, the cruiser Moskva fired a Vulkan anti-ship missile for the first time.[95]
In November, further tensions started amidst the build-up of Russian ground forces on the Ukraine border. On 2 November, the destroyer USS Porter[96] entered the Black Sea, followed on 25 November by the destroyer USS Arleigh Burke.[97] In late October, the Russian Black Sea fleet held a large exercise with a cruiser, a frigate and three corvettes.[98]
Incident with HMS Defender
On 23 June 2021, the United Kingdom's HMS Defender undertook a freedom of navigation patrol through the disputed waters around the Crimean Peninsula.[99] The Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation and border guards said they fired warning shots from coast guard patrol ships and dropped bombs from a Sukhoi Su-24 attack aircraft in the path of Defender after, according to the Russian Defence Ministry, it had allegedly strayed for about 20 minutes as far as 3 km (2 miles) into waters off the coast of Crimea, which Russia annexed in 2014 in a move mostly unrecognised internationally.[100][101] The UK military denied any warning shots were fired and said the ship was in innocent passage in Ukraine's territorial sea, later clarifying that heavy guns were fired three miles astern and could not be considered to be warning shots.[102][103][104]
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
A build-up of Russian forces around Ukraine and in Belarus began toward the end of 2021, ostensibly for exercises. In February 2022, the Black Sea Fleet was reinforced by six landing ships: three Ropucha-class landing ships (Minsk (127), Korolev (130) and Kaliningrad (102)) were drawn from the Baltic Fleet while two (Georgy Pobedonosets (016) and Olenegorsky Gornyak (012)) came from the Northern Fleet. The Ivan Gren-class landing ship, Pyotr Morgunov (117) also deployed to the Black Sea from the Northern Fleet.[105] The 22nd Army Corps (subordinate to the Black Sea Fleet) was also reinforced, including by the 247th Regiment of the 7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division as well as by the 56th Guards Air Assault Regiment, subordinate to the same division.[106] On the eve of the conflict, it was reported that the headquarters of the 58th Combined Arms Army had deployed to Crimea commanding between 12 and 17 battalion tactical groups.[107][108]
The Russian invasion of Ukraine began on 24 February 2022 and it was initially reported that this included an amphibious landing at Odesa by elements of Russian Naval Infantry and the Black Sea Fleet.[109] However, the report of a landing at Odesa on 24 February subsequently proved to be false.[110] On 24 February 2022, the cruiser Moskva and the patrol ship Vasily Bykov bombarded Snake Island in the Danube Delta and captured it from its Ukrainian garrison.[111] On 26 February 2022 it was reported that Russian forces made an amphibious assault at Mariupol utilizing half of their landing ships in the Black Sea. A second Russian amphibious group was said still to be positioned in the vicinity of Odesa.[112]
On 28 February 2022, Turkey indicated that it was closing the Dardanelles Straits to all foreign warships for the duration of the conflict. Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu argued that the move was consistent with terms of the Montreux Convention. An exception would be allowed for Russian ships returning from the Mediterranean to Black Sea bases where they were registered.[113][114]
As of early March 2022, the Ukrainian navy was confirmed to have lost two vessels: the frigate Hetman Sahaidachny, scuttled by its crew to avoid capture,[115] and the patrol vessel Sloviansk, reported sunk by Russian action on 3 March 2022.[116] On 7 March 2022 it was reported that the Russian patrol ship Vasily Bykov may have been damaged by Ukrainian shore-based multiple-launch rocket fire.[117] However, the ship was subsequently reported as having entered Sevastopol on 16 March 2022 with no obvious damage.[118]
On 14 March 2022, the Russian source RT reported that the Russian Armed Forces had captured about a dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdiansk. The vessels reported as captured included two Gyurza-M-class artillery boats (including Akkerman), the Matka-class missile boat Pryluky, a Project 1124P (Grisha II)-class corvette (likely an already decommissioned vessel given the absence of active ships of this class in the Ukrainian navy), a Zhuk-class patrol boat, a Yevgenya-class minesweeper, the Polnocny-class landing ship Yuri Olefirenko and a Ondatra-class landing craft.[119]
On 19 March 2022, the Deputy Commander of Russian Black Sea Fleet Captain First Rank Andrey Nikolaevich Paliy was reportedly killed in action near Mariupol in Ukraine.[120][121]
On 22 March 2022, a video appeared of a Raptor-class patrol boat being hit and damaged by an anti-tank guided missile. According to Russian sources, it had to be towed away afterwards.[122]
On 24 March 2022, the Ukrainian military hit and destroyed the Russian Tapir-class landing ship Saratov at the Port of Berdiansk.[123] In July 2022 it became known that Saratov had been salvaged and would be towed to Kerch, Crimea.[124] Two other Russian Ropucha-class landing ships, the Tsezar Kunikov, and the Novocherkassk, that were docked nearby sailed away, with fire and smoke billowing out of one.[125][126][127][128]
On 30 March 2022 it was reported that, as part of an operation by Russian special forces, the Ukrainian navy Project 1824B reconnaissance ship Pereyaslav was reportedly hit by gunfire at the mouth of the Dnieper river. The extent of the damage was unknown.[129]
Also in March 2022, the Russian Navy bombed several civilian ships, including a cargo ship belonging to Bangladesh.[130]
On 13 April 2022, Moskva, the fleet's flagship, was severely damaged after an explosion. The Ukrainian government claimed it had hit the ship with two Neptune cruise missiles.[131] The Russian government claimed the damage was a result of an ammunition explosion.[132] According to the Russian government, everyone on the ship was evacuated.[133] On 14 April, the Russian Ministry of Defence confirmed the ship had sunk.[134] On 15 April, a United States senior defense official confirmed that the ship was hit by two Ukrainian Neptune missiles about 65 nautical miles south of Odesa.[135] On 6 May 2022 a letter from the Black Sea Fleet's prosecutor general's office to the family of one of the sailors lost on the Moskva was made public. Families will not be receiving compensation as "the sinking took place in international waters by accident".[136]
In early May 2022, Ukraine claimed to have destroyed two Russian Raptor-class patrol boats along with a Serna Class landing craft using a Ukrainian Baykar Bayraktar TB2 Unmanned Air Combat Vehicle (UCAV) near Snake Island.[137]
On 8 May 2022, Ukrainian officials released footage showing the destruction of two Raptor-class patrol boats and the damaging of a third one, adding that 46 Russian crew members were killed during the operation.[138]
In the first week of May 2022, a video appeared of a Ukrainian Bayraktar TB2 drone hitting and sinking a BK-16 high-speed assault boat near Snake Island.[139] The wreck was later recovered.[140]
On 12 May 2022, Ukrainian news media carried reports that, according to the Odesa military spokesman, the Russian logistics vessel Vsevolod Bobrov was on fire near Snake Island.[141][142][143] Russia denied the claims.[144] Three days later, a US-backed media outlet carried photographs of the ship unharmed moored at Sevastopol.[145] The ship was also seen with the Pantsir-S mobile surface-to-air missile system on board while docked in Sevastopol.[146]
On 15 May 2022, four Kalibr missiles launched from the Black Sea hit Ukrainian military facilities at Yavoriv, near Lviv. The attack was "probably" carried out by submarines.[147] Lviv region's Governor Maxim Kozitsky acknowledged that the target was "completely destroyed".[148]
On 17 May 2022, the Ministry of Defense of Russia reported that seaborne Kalibr missiles struck railway facilities at Starichi station near Lviv the night before. The attack was aimed at NATO weapons deliveries to Ukraine.[149][150] Governor Maxim Kozitsky confirmed the damage on railway infrastructure. The command of the Ukrainian Air Defence claims the shooting down of three missiles in the area.[151]
On 17 June 2022, Russian rescue tug Vasily Bekh was reportedly sunk due to two hits by anti-ship missiles (putatively Harpoons) while carrying personnel, weapons, and ammunition to resupply Russian-occupied Snake Island.[152]
On 31 July 2022, a drone strike at the fleet headquarters in Sevastopol wounded several people and forced the cancellation of Navy Day commemorations.[153][154]
On 9 August 2022, huge explosions occurred at Saky airbase, destroying several fighter planes of the fleet's naval aviation. Some days later, an anonymous Western official said that "[w]e now assess that the events of ... August 9 put more than half of [the] Black Sea fleet's naval aviation combat jets out of use."[155] On 16 August 2022, Hvardiiske airbase, a large ammunition dump in Maiske, and an electrical substation in Dzhankoi were hit with explosions, and on 19 August 2022, large explosions were heard at Belbek and Russian antiaircraft batteries were active around the Crimean Bridge at Kerch.[156]
On 17 August 2022, Russian state media announced that Viktor Sokolov had been appointed commander of the fleet without any ceremony, apparently due to the yellow terrorist threat following a series of explosions.[157]
On 29 October 2022, Ukrainian forces used an Unmanned Aerial and Submarine Vehicle to strike Russian forces in Sevastopol, Crimea. According to Russia, Ukrainian UAVs slightly damaged the Natya-class minesweeper Ivan Golubets.[158]
Yury Ivanov-class intelligence ship Ivan Khurs was possibly damaged by one of three Ukrainian sea drones on 24 May 2023.[159]
On 4 August 2023, near the Port of Novorossiysk, the Project 775 Ropucha-class landing ship Olenegorsky Gornyak was seriously damaged by a joint effort of the Ukrainian SBU and the Ukrainian Navy, possibly using a sea drone, and towed to port by the Russian Navy. Following the attack the Ukrainian Navy reported Russian ships leaving port and to some extent dispersing in the Black Sea.[160]
On 13 September 2023, Storm Shadows were used in a strike against the Sevastopol port,[161] seriously damaging the Rostov na Donu submarine and seriously damaging (according to some sources, beyond repair[162]) the Ropucha-class landing ship Minsk.[163][164][165]
On 22 September 2023, at least three Storm Shadow missiles hit the Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol.[4][5]
On 4 November 2023, Ukrainian forces struck Zalyv Shipbuilding yard in Russian-occupied Kerch, Crimea, with cruise missiles, damaging the relatively new Karakurt-class corvette Askold (ru), which carries Kalibur cruise missiles.[166] On 6 November 2023 president Zelensky stated that the ship was destroyed.[167]
On 25 December 2023, the large landing ship Novocherkassk was struck by Ukrainian aircraft carrying guided missiles in Port of Feodosiya.[168][169]
Late December 2023, Ukraine hit and destroyed a Russian project 205P "Tarantul" (NATO designation: Stenka) guard ship in the port of Sevastopol.[170][171]
On 1 February 2024, Ukraine released video claiming to show the sinking of the R-334 Ivanovets using USVs.[172][173]
On 14 February 2024, Ukraine released a video showing the sinking of the Ropucha-class landing ship Tsezar Kunikov off the coast of Crimea.[173]
On 5 March 2024 Sergey Kotov was attacked (again) by maritime drones, with Ukrainian intelligence claiming that the ship was sunk.[174][175]
On 23 March 2024, the defense forces of Ukraine hit the Ropucha-class landing ships Yamal and Azov. Additionally, they said they hit the landing ship Kostiantyn Olshansky which had previously been part of the Ukrainian navy before 2014.[6]
By March 2024, Ukraine's Navy spokesman Dmytro Pletenchuk said they had disabled or destroyed one third of the Russian Black Sea fleet.[6]
On 6 June 2024, a Project 498 "Saturn" tugboat was destroyed by a Ukrainian naval strike.[176]
On 2 August, Ukraine reported they hat hit and sunk the Russian submarine B-237.
Commanders
# | Rank | Name | Year |
---|---|---|---|
1 | VADM | Aleksey Fedotovich Klokachev | 1783 |
2 | VADM | Yakov Filippovich Sukhotin | 1784 – 1785 |
3 | RADM | Nikolay Semenovich Mordvinov | 1785 – 1789 |
4 | RADM | Marko Ivanovich Voynovich | 1789 – 1790 |
5 | RADM | Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov | 1790 – 1792 |
# | ADM | Nikolay Semenovich Mordvinov | 1792 – 1799 |
6 | ADM | Vilim Petrovich Fondezin | 1799 – 1802 |
7 | ADM | Aleksandr Ivanovich de Travers | 1802 – 1811 |
8 | ADM | Roman Romanovich Gall | 1811 |
9 | VADM | Nikolay Lvovich Yazykov | 1811 – 1816 |
10 | ADM | Aleksey Samuilovich Greig | 1816 – 1833 |
11 | ADM | Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev | 1834 – 1851 |
12 | ADM | Morits Borisovich Berg | 1851 – 1855 |
13 | VADM | Nikolay Fedorovich Metlin | Sep 1855 – Dec 1855 |
14 | VADM | Aleksandr Ivanovich Panfilov | Jan 1856 – Aug 1856 |
15 | RADM | Grigoriy Ivanovich Butakov | Aug 1856 – Jan 1860 |
16 | VADM | Bogdan Alexandrovich Glazenap | 1860 – Jan 1871 |
17 | ADM | Nikolay Andreyevich Arkas | 1871 – 1881 |
18 | ADM | Mikhail Pavlovich Manganari | 1881 – 1882 |
19 | VADM | Aleksey Alekseyevich Peshchurov (1834-1891) | 1882 – 1890 |
20 | RADM | Roman Andreevich Grenkvist | 1890 |
21 | VADM | Nikolay Vasilyevich Kopytov | 1891 – 1898 |
22 | VADM | Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev | 1898 |
23 | VADM | Sergey Petrovich Tyrtov | May 1898 – 1903 |
24 | VADM | Yakov Appolonovich Giltebrandt | 1903 |
25 | VADM | Nikolay Illarionovich Skrydlov | 1903 – 1904 |
26 | VADM | Aleksandr Khristianovich Kriger | 1904 |
27 | VADM | Grigoriy Pavlovich Chukhnin | 1904 – 1906 |
28 | RADM | Ivan Konstantinovich Grigorovich | 1906 |
29 | VADM | Nikolay Illarionovich Skrydlov | 1906 – 1907 |
30 | RADM | Genrikh Faddeevich Tsyvinskiy | 1907 |
31 | RADM | Robert Nikolayevich Viren | 1907 – 1908 |
32 | VADM | Ivan Fyodorovich Bostrem | 1908 – 1909 |
33 | VADM | Vladimir Simonovich Sarnavskiy | 1909 – 1911 |
34 | VADM | Ivan Fyodorovich Bostrem | 1911 |
35 | RADM | Pavel Ivanovich Novitskiy | 1911 |
36 | VADM | Andrey Avgustovich Ehbergard | 1911 – Jun 1916 |
37 | VADM | Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak | Jun 1916 – Jun 1917 |
38 (Acting) | RADM | Veniamin Konstantinovich Lukin | Jun 1917 – Jul 1917 |
39 | RADM | Aleksandr Vasilyevich Nemitts | Jul 1917 – Dec 1917 |
40 | RADM | Mikhail Sablin | 1918 |
41 | Captain 1st Rank | Aleksandr Ivanovich Tikhmenev | 1918 |
42 | Captain 1st Rank | Aleksandr Ivanovich Sheykovskiy | 1919 |
43 | Captain 1st Rank | Aleksey Vladimirovich Dombrovskiy | May 1920 – Oct 1920 |
44 | Ehduard Samuilovich Pantserzhanskiy | Nov 1920 – Nov 1921 | |
45 | Andrey Semenovich Maksimov | Nov 1921 – Jul 1922 | |
46 | Aleksandr Karlovich Vekman | Jul 1922 – May 1924 | |
47 | Mikhail Vladimirovich Viktorov | May 1924 – Dec 1924 | |
48 | Ehduard Samuilovich Pantserzhanskiy | Dec 1924 – Oct 1926 | |
49 | Vladimir Mitrofanovich Orlov | Oct 1926 – Jun 1931 | |
50 | Fleet Flag Officer 2nd Rank | Ivan Kuz'mich Kozhanov | Jun 1931 – Aug 1937 |
51 | Fleet Flag Officer 2nd Rank | Petr Ivanovich Smirnov-Svetlovskiy | Aug 1937 – Dec 1937 |
52 | Fleet Flag Officer 2nd Rank | Ivan Stepanovich Yumashev | 1938 – Mar 1939 |
53 | VADM | Filipp Sergeyevich Oktyabrskiy | Mar 1939 – Apr 1943 |
54 | VADM | Lev Anatol'evich Vladimirskiy | Apr 1943 – Mar 1944 |
55 | VADM | Filipp Sergeyevich Oktyabrskiy | Mar 1944 – Nov 1948 |
56 | ADM | Nikolai Efremovich Basistiy | Nov 1948 – Aug 1951 |
57 | ADM | Sergey Georgiyevich Gorshkov | Aug 1951 – Jul 1955 |
58 | VADM | Viktor Aleksandrovich Parkhomenko | Jul 1955 – Dec 1955 |
59 | ADM | Vladimir Afanasyevich Kasatonov | Dec 1955 – Feb 1962 |
60 | ADM | Serafim Evgeniyevich Chursin | Feb 1962 – Dec 1968 |
61 | ADM | Viktor Sergeyevich Sysoyev | Dec 1968 – Mar 1974 |
62 | ADM | Nikolay Ivanovich Khovrin | Mar 1974 – April 1983 |
63 | ADM | Aleksey Mikhailovich Kalinin | Apr 1983 – Jul 1985 |
64 | ADM | Mikhail Nikolayevich Khronopulo | Jul 1985 – Oct 1991 |
65 | ADM | Igor Vladimirovich Kasatonov | Oct 1991 – Dec 1992 |
66 | ADM | Eduard Dmitriyevich Baltin | Dec 1992 – Feb 1996 |
67 | ADM | Viktor Andreyevich Kravchenko | Feb 1996 – Jul 1998 |
68 | ADM | Vladimir Petrovich Komoyedov | Jul 1998 – Oct 2002 |
69 | ADM | Vladimir Vasilyevich Masorin | Oct 2002 – Feb 2005 |
70 | ADM | Aleksandr Arkadyevich Tatarinov | Feb 2005 – Jul 2007 |
71 | VADM | Aleksandr Dmitrievich Kletskov | Jul 2007 – Jul 2010 |
72 | VADM | Vladimir Ivanovich Korolyov | Jul 2010 – Jun 2011 |
73 | VADM | Aleksandr Nikolayevich Fedotenkov | Jun 2011 – May 2013 |
74 | ADM | Aleksandr Viktorovich Vitko[177] | May 2013 – June 2018 |
75 | VADM | Aleksandr Alekseevich Moiseev[178] | June 2018 – May 2019 |
76 | ADM | Igor Vladimirovich Osipov[citation needed] | May 2019 – August 2022 |
77 | ADM | Viktor Nikolayevich Sokolov[179] | August 2022 –February 2024 |
78 | VADM | Sergei Mikhailovich Pinchuk[180] | February 2024– |
Order of battle
The Black Sea Fleet, and other Russian ground and air forces in Crimea, are subordinate to the Southern Military District of the Russian Armed Forces. The Black Sea Fleet is one component of Russian forces in the Southern Military District and is supported by other Russian military formations in the District, including the 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army.[181] The Russian Coast Guard and National Guard of Russia provide additional armed patrol capabilities, which have also been expanded since the Russian seizure of Crimea to support the enforcement of Russian territorial claims.[182][183]
30th Surface Ship Division
# | Type | Class | Name | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
121 | Guided Missile Cruiser | Slava | Moskva | 1983 | Former Fleet Flagship[184][185] Sunk on 14 April 2022.[186] |
861 | Guided Missile Frigate | Krivak | Ladnyy | 1980 | Active[187] |
868 | Guided Missile Frigate | Krivak | Pytlivyy | 1981 | Active[188] |
494 | Guided Missile Frigate | Admiral Grigorovich | Admiral Grigorovich | 2016 | Undergoing repairs in Kaliningrad.[189] |
490 | Guided Missile Frigate | Admiral Grigorovich | Admiral Essen | 2016 | Active[190] |
499 | Guided Missile Frigate | Admiral Grigorovich | Admiral Makarov | 2017 | Active[191] |
734 | Multi-role Corvette | Steregushchiy | Mercury | 2023 | Active, but unable to reach Black Sea due to Turkey's blockade of the Bosphorus Strait[192][193] |
4th Independent Submarine Brigade
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Base | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
554 | Diesel Attack Submarine | B-871 Alrosa | Kilo 877V | 1990 | Sevastopol | Active[194] |
555 | Diesel Attack Submarine | B-261 Novorossiysk | Improved Kilo 636.3 | 2014 | Novorossiysk | In refit; at the Kronstadt Shipyard in the Baltic[195][196][197][198] |
556 | Diesel Attack Submarine | B-237 Rostov-na-Donu | Improved Kilo 636.3 | 2014 | Novorossiysk | Heavily damaged by a Ukrainian cruise missile strike while dry docked at Sevastopol on 12 September 2023[199] |
557 | Diesel Attack Submarine | B-262 Staryy Oskol | Improved Kilo 636.3 | 2015 | Novorossiysk | Active[200] |
558 | Diesel Attack Submarine | B-265 Krasnodar | Improved Kilo 636.3 | 2015 | Novorossiysk | Active; deployed in the Mediterranean[201][196][197][202][203][204] |
559 | Diesel Attack Submarine | B-268 Velikiy Novgorod | Improved Kilo 636.3 | 2016 | Novorossiysk | Active[205][206] |
560 | Diesel Attack Submarine | B-271 Kolpino | Improved Kilo 636.3 | 2016 | Novorossiysk | Active[205][207][208][209] |
41st Missile Boat Brigade
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
615 | Guided Missile Corvette | Bora | Dergach | 1989 | In refit as of September 2021[210] |
616 | Guided Missile Corvette | Samum | Dergach | 2000 | Damaged by Ukrainian naval drone on 12 September 2023, and not expected to return to service before 2024.[211][212] |
609 | Guided Missile Corvette | Vyshniy Volochyok | Buyan-M | 2018 | Active[213][214][215] |
626 | Guided Missile Corvette | Orekhovo-Zuyevo | Buyan-M | 2018 | Active; deployed in the Mediterranean[201][196][216][217][218] |
630 | Guided Missile Corvette | Ingushetiya[219] | Buyan-M | 2019 | Active[220][221] |
600[222] | Guided Missile Corvette | Grayvoron[223] | Buyan-M | 2021[224] | Active[214][221] |
633[225] | Missile Corvette | Tsiklon | Karakurt | 2023 | Claimed destroyed by Ukrainian officials.[226] |
TBC | Missile Corvette | Askold | Karakurt | 2023 | Damaged by a Ukrainian cruise missile strike on the port Kerch on 4 November 2023[227][228] Ukraine claimed the destruction of the ship.[229] |
TBC | Missile Corvette | Amur | Karakurt | 2023 | Deployed to the Black Sea via inland waterways; reported at Novorossiysk[230] |
TBC | Missile Corvette | Tucha | Karakurt | 2023 | Deployed to the Black Sea via inland waterways; reported at Novorossiysk[230] |
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
962 | Missile Boat | R-71 Shuya | Tarantul-II Mod | 1985 | |
955 | Missile Boat | R-60 Burya | Tarantul-III | 1987 | Active as of 2022[190][231] |
952 | Missile Boat | R-109 Breeze | Tarantul-III | 1990 | |
953 | Missile Boat | R-239 Naberezhnye Chelny | Tarantul-III | 1991 | Active[217][190][231] |
68th Coastal Defense Ship Brigade
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
059 | Antisubmarine Corvette | MPK-49 Alexandrovets | Grisha I | 1982 | |
071 | Antisubmarine Corvette | MPK-118 Suzdalets | Grisha III | 1983 | Active[221][232] |
064 | Antisubmarine Corvette | MPK-134 Muromets | Grisha III | 1983 | In refit as of 2022 |
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
911 | Seagoing Minesweeper | Ivan Golubets | Natya I | 1973 | Damaged on 29 October 2022 during a drone attack on the port of Sevastopol.[233][234] |
913 | Seagoing Minesweeper | Kovrovets | Natya I | 1974 | Active as of 2021[220] |
912 | Seagoing Minesweeper | Turbinist | Natya I | 1975 | Unclear if active |
951 | Seagoing Minesweeper | Vice-admiral Zhukov | Natya I | 1978 | Unclear if active |
601 | Seagoing Minesweeper | Ivan Antonov | Alexandrit | 2018 | Active as of 2022[220][221] |
659 | Seagoing Minesweeper | Vladimir Emelyanov | Alexandrit | 2019 | Active;[235] deployed in the Mediterranean as of October 2022[196][201] |
631 | Seagoing Minesweeper | Georgy Kurbatov | Alexandrit | 2021 | Active as of 2022[236] |
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
836 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | Yunarmeets Kryma | Grachonok | 2014 | Active |
837 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | Kinel | Grachonok | 2014 | Active |
844 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | Pavel Silaev | Grachonok | 2017 | Active[237][238] |
845 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | P-345 Buyevlyanin | Raptor | 2015 | Active; deployed in the Mediterranean as of April 2022 |
838 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | P-352 Oleg Shipitsin | Raptor | 2015 | Active |
850 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | P-413 Andrey Paliy | Raptor | 2017 | Ukrainian officials released 3 separate footages showing 6 Raptor-class boats damaged/destroyed[137][239][138] |
852 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | P-415 Chapaevsk | Raptor | 2017 | Ukrainian officials released 3 separate footages showing 6 Raptor-class boats damaged/destroyed[137][239][138] |
831 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | P-331 | Flamingo | 1986 | Unclear if active |
833 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | P-407 | Flamingo | 1989 | Unclear if active |
184th Novorossiysk Coastal Defense Brigade
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
055 | Antisubmarine Corvette | MPK-199 Kasimov | Grisha-III | 1984 | Active[240] |
054 | Antisubmarine Corvette | MPK-217 Eysk | Grisha-III | 1987 | Active[217][221] |
053 | Antisubmarine Corvette | MPK-207 Povorino | Grisha-III | 1989 | In refit as of 2022 on the Novorossiysk |
368 | Patrol ship | Vasily Bykov | Project 22160 | 2018 | Active in Mediterranean[118][241] |
375 | Patrol ship | Dmitriy Rogachev | Project 22160 | 2019 | Returned to the Black Sea from Mediterranean February 2022[242][220][243] |
363 | Patrol ship | Pavel Derzhavin | Project 22160 | 2020 | In refit; reported to be damaged by Ukrainian naval drone attack on 12 October 2023.[244] |
383[245] | Patrol ship | Sergey Kotov | Project 22160 | 2022 | Reported commissioned May 2022.[247][248][249] Reported to be damaged claimed possibly sunk, by Ukrainian naval drone attack on 14 September 2023.[250] It was attacked again by maritime drones, with Ukrainian intelligence claiming on 5 March 2024 that the ship was sunk.[174][175] |
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
901 | Seagoing Minesweeper | Anatoliy Zheleznyakov | Gorya | 1988 | Active as of 2021[251] |
770 | Seagoing Minesweeper | Valentin Pikul | Natya I Mod (Project 0266ME) |
2001 | Active as of 2022[251][221] |
908 | Seagoing Minesweeper | Vice-Admiral Zakharin | Natya (Project 0266.8) |
2009 | Returned to the Black Sea from Mediterranean February 2022[243] |
458 | Base Minesweeper | ВТ-241 Mineralnyye Vody[252] | Sonya | 1989 | Unclear if active |
435 | Base Minesweeper | BT-726[252][219] | Sonya | 1976 | Unclear if active |
438 | Base Minesweeper | BT-40 Leytenant Il'in[219] | Sonya | 1982 | Unclear if active |
575 | Landing Craft | D-144 | Serna | 2008 | Ukrainian officials released video of a Serna Class landing craft being destroyed by a Bayraktar TB2 drone at Snake Island in early May 2022.[138] |
659 | Landing Craft | D-199 | Serna | 2014 | Ukrainian officials released video of a Serna Class landing craft being destroyed by a Bayraktar TB2 drone at Snake Island in early May 2022.[138] |
653 | Landing Craft | D-106 | Ondatra | 2009 |
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
840 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | Kadet | Grachonok | 2011 | Reported in the Mediterranean as of April 2022 |
841 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | Suvorovets | Grachonok | 2012 | |
842 | Anti-Saboteur Boat | Kursant Kirovets | Grachonok | 2013 | |
? | Anti-Saboteur Boat | P-274 | Raptor | 2015 | Ukrainian officials released 3 separate videos showing 6 Raptor-class boats damaged/destroyed[137][239][138] |
? | Anti-Saboteur Boat | P-276 | Raptor | 2015 | Ukrainian officials released 3 separate videos showing 6 Raptor-class boats damaged/destroyed[137][239][138] |
197th Assault Ship Brigade
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
142 | Landing Ship | Novocherkassk | Ropucha | 1987 | Heavily damaged and partially sunk.[253][254] |
148 | Landing Ship | Orsk | Alligator | 1968 | Active[255] |
150 | Landing Ship | Saratov | Alligator | 1966 | Destroyed; 24 March 2022 at Berdyansk port by Armed Forces of Ukraine[256] |
152 | Landing Ship | Nikolay Filchenkov | Alligator | 1975 | Active[255] |
156 | Landing Ship | Yamal | Ropucha-I | 1988 | On 24 March 2024, it was reported that cruise missiles hit Yamal while in the home port of Sevastopol.[257] |
158 | Landing Ship | Tsezar Kunikov | Ropucha-I | 1986 | Destroyed;[258] |
151 | Landing Ship | Azov | Ropucha-II | 1990 | On 24 March 2024, it was reported that Azov was damaged while in the home port of Sevastopol.[259] |
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
127 | Landing Ship | Minsk | Ropucha | 1983 | |
130 | Landing Ship | Korolev | Ropucha | 1983 | Active, from Baltic Fleet |
102 | Landing Ship | Kaliningrad | Ropucha | 1983 | Active, from Baltic Fleet |
016 | Landing Ship | Georgy Pobedonosets | Ropucha | 1983 | Active, from Northern Fleet |
012 | Landing Ship | Olenegorsky Gornyak | Ropucha | 1983 | |
016 | Landing Ship | Pyotr Morgunov | Ivan Gren-class vessel | 2020 | Active, from Northern Fleet |
Black Sea Fleet amphibious vessels being joined by five additional Ropucha-class: (Minsk (127), Korolev (130) and Kaliningrad (102) from the Baltic Fleet as well as Georgy Pobedonosets (016) and Olenegorsky Gornyak (012) from the Northern Fleet); also deployed to the Black Sea from the Northern Fleet is the Ivan Gren-class vessel Pyotr Morgunov (117); all vessels entered the Black Sea by 9 February[105] and as of March 2022 all were reported on active operations as part of the invasion of Ukraine.[217] The Olenegorsky Gornyak damaged during a drone attack on the port of Novorossiysk on 4 August 2023. The Minsk heavily damaged by a Ukrainian cruise missile strike while dry docked at Sevastopol on 12 September 2023.[260]
388th Marine Reconnaissance Point/1229th Naval Intelligence Center
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
677 | High-Speed Landing Craft | D-296[261] | Raptor | 2015 | Claimed to be damaged by a Bayraktar TB2 drone one Project 02510 (presumably D-310 — OSINT) at Snake Island[262] |
655 | High-Speed Landing Craft | D-309[263] | Raptor | 2018 | Claimed to be damaged by a Bayraktar TB2 drone one Project 02510 (presumably D-310 — OSINT) at Snake Island[262] |
519th Separate Squadron
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
512 | Intelligence Vessel | Kil'din | Moma | 1979 | Active; deployed in the Mediterranean as of April 2022 |
? | Intelligence Vessel | Ekvator | Moma | 1980 | Unclear if active |
201 | Intelligence Vessel | Priazovye | Vishnya | 1972 | Active, ensuring security of gas pipelines in the southeastern Black Sea[264][265] |
? | Intelligence Vessel | Ivan Khurs | Yury Ivanov | 2018 | Ukrainian claimed to damaged by USV in May 2023. The ship was later recorded returning to port with little or no damage.[266][220] |
9th Auxiliary Ship Brigade
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
? | Fleet Oiler | Istra | Dora | 1942 | Transferred to the Soviet Union from Germany as part of war reparations; still reported in service[267] |
? | Fleet Oiler | Koyda[268] | Uda | 1966 | Unclear if active |
? | Fleet Oiler | Iman | Project 6404 | 1966 | Active as of 2021[220] |
? | Floating Ship Repair Factory | PM-138 | Project 304[269] | 1969 | Active as of 2022[270] |
? | Floating Ship Repair Factory | PM-56 | Project 304[269] | 1973 | Active as of 2022[270] |
? | Fleet Oiler | Ivan Bubnov | Boris Chilikin (Project 1559V Morskoy prostor) |
1975 | Active as of 2021[220] |
? | Fleet Oiler | Vice Admiral Paromov | Project 03182[271] | 2021[272] | Active; deployed in the Mediterranean as of May 2022[196][273] |
? | Logistics Support Vessel | Vsevolod Bobrov | Project 23120[274][275] | 2021[274] | Arrived in the Black Sea January 2022[276] Claimed by Ukraine officials to have suffered major fire damage night of 11–12 May 2022 after an attack,[277][278] but returned unharmed to Sevastopol on 15 May 2022.[145] |
176th Expeditionary Oceanographic Ship Division
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
? | Hydrographic Survey Vessel | Cheleken[279] | Moma (Project 861) | 1970 | Unclear if active |
? | Hydrographic Survey Vessel | Stvor | Yug (Project 862)[280] | 1983 | Unclear if active |
? | Hydrographic Survey Vessel | Donuzlav | Yug (Project 862)[280] | 1983 | Active as of 2022[270] |
145th Rescue Ship Detachment
In March 2017 four Project 22870 tugs were assigned to the Black Sea Fleet: Vasily Bekh, Professor Nikolay Muru, Captain Guryev, and SB-742.[281] Vasily Bekh was given the name Spasatel Vasily Bekh on 19 April 2021.[282] On 17 June 2022, Spasatel Vasily Bekh was sunk by Ukrainian Harpoon anti-ship missiles while on its way to Snake Island in the Black Sea.[283][152][284][285]
# | Type | Name | Class | Year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
? | Rescue Tug | Spasatel Vasily Bekh | Project 22870 | 2016 | Sunk on 17 June 2022 by Ukrainian Harpoon missiles in the Black Sea.[283] |
? | Rescue Tug | Professor Nikolay Muru | Project 22870 | 2014 | Claimed damaged on 13 October 2023 by Ukrainian officials.[286] |
? | Rescue Tug | Captain Guryev | Project 22870 | 2018 | Active[287] |
? | Rescue Tug | SB-742 | Project 22870 | 2019 | Active[282] |
? | Rescue Tug | Mikhail Chekov | Project 22870 | 2024 | Launched 21 May 2024[288] |
Black Sea Fleet ground forces, naval infantry and surface-to-surface missile forces
- 22nd Army Corps (HQ: Simferopol, Crimea; subordinate to the Black Sea Fleet):[289]
- 15th Guards Coastal Missile-Artillery Brigade – Sevastopol, Crimea:[290][289] 3x K-300P Bastion-P anti-ship missile system (350 to 450 km range),[291] P-800 Oniks anti-ship missile system (credited with 300 km[57] to 600–800 km range) (Western designation SS-N-26),[292][293][294] Bal anti-ship missile system (130 to 300 km range);[295] targeting information provided by Monolit radar systems.[57][296]
- 126th Guards Coastal Defence Brigade (Perevalny, Crimea)[289] (equipped as mechanized infantry, including T-72B3 main battle tanks)[290][297]
- 127th Reconnaissance Brigade[289][298] (status/strength unclear as of January 2022)[290]
- 8th Artillery Regiment (Simferopol, Crimea; self-propelled howitzers, multiple rocket launchers, anti-tank missile systems/guns)[289][290]
- Surface-to-surface missile battalion (Iskander SSMs) to be added in 2022[299][300]
- 854th Coastal Missile Regiment (Sevastopol)[301][290]
- 171st Air Assault Battalion (Novostepove Crimea; subordinate to the 97th Regiment of the 7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division, HQ at Novorossiysk, Krasnodar)[290][302][303]
- 56th Guards Air Assault Regiment (reported to be formed from the planned re-deployment of the 56th Guards Air Assault Brigade from the Volgograd region to Feodosia in Crimea; regiment has integrated and further reinforced the strength of 7th Guards Air Assault Division since December 2021)[304][305][306]
- 11th Coastal Missile-Artillery Brigade – Utash, Krasnodar region:[290] 3–5 Bastion battalions and 1–2 Bal battalions.[69]
- Surface-to-Surface Missiles (included deployed on Crimean peninsula):
- Naval Infantry/Special Forces
- 810th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade[308]
- 382nd Naval Infantry Battalion? (Status unclear as of 2021)[citation needed]
- 388th Maritime Recon Point (Special Forces battalion)[290]
Black Sea Fleet aviation and air defence forces
The 2nd Guards Naval Aviation Division is part of the Black Sea Fleet.[58][59][309][310] The 27th Composite [or "Mixed", depending on translation] Aviation Division is part of the 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army.
2nd Guards Naval Aviation Division (HQ Sevastopol)
- 43rd Independent Naval Shturmovik [Assault Aviation] Regiment[311] – HQ at Gvardeyskoye, Crimea – 18x Su-24M; 4x Su-24MR (being replaced by Sukhoi Su-30SMs as of 2019;[312] Su-30SMs reported active with the regiment as of 2021[313])
- 318th Mixed Aviation Regiment (Kacha): reportedly An-26, Be-12, and Ka-27 ASW and Ka-29 assault/transport helicopters (as of 2019 – Regiment may supersede/replace former 25th and 917th Aviation Regiments?)[310]
27th Composite Aviation Division (in Crimea but subordinate to 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army – Rostov-on-Don)[309]
- 37th Composite Aviation Regiment (Simferopol) (Two Squadrons: Su-24 and Su-25)[314][309]
- 38th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment (Sevastopol) (Two Squadrons: Su-27/Su-30SM[69] the latter with Oniks (Yakhont) supersonic anti-ship missiles)[315][314][309] (may partly re-equip with Su-57?)[316][290]
- 39th Helicopter Regiment (Dzhankoi) has been equipped with Mi-35M attack helicopters,[290] Ka-52, Mi-28N, and Mi-8AMTSh helicopters (as of 2016).[314]
31st Air Defense Division (HQ: Sevastopol) subordinate to the 4th Air and Air Defense Forces Army (HQ: Rostov-on-Don)[301][317]
- 12th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment
- 18th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment[301]
- Five battalions with S-400 SAM systems (250–400 km range)
- S-300 long-range surface-to-air missiles with Nebo-M radars.[69]
- Four battalions: Pantsir-S medium-range SAM[301]
- Buk SAM system
51st Air Defense Division (HQ: Rostov-on-Don;[290] with S-400, S-300, Pantsir, Buk SAM systems subordinate to 4th Air Army)
- 1537th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment (Novorossiysk, Krasnodar)
- 1721st Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment (Sochi; may have started re-equipping with S-350 surface-to-air missile systems in May 2021).[318]
- 1536th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment (Rostov-on-Don)
7th Military Base (Primorskoe, Abkhazia – S-400 and S-300 SAMs)[290]
The 43rd Guards Naval Assault Aviation Regiment traces its history to the 43rd Fighter Aviation Regiment (ru:43-й истребительный авиационный полк). The regiment began its formation in May 1938 and was finally formed on 11 or 13 May 1938 in the Kiev Special Military District at Vasylkiv airfield from the 71st, 5th and 109th separate fighter aviation squadrons.[319] It joined the 51st Aviation Brigade of the Air Forces of the Kiev Special Military District.
The regiment's first commander from summer 1938 was Vladimir Sryvkin (ru:Срывкин, Владимир Алексеевич).[320] Major Sryvkin handed over command in 1939 and became assistant commander of the 72nd Fighter Aviation Brigade. In May 1944, he died of wounds received in action.
On 22 June 1941, the regiment was still located at Vasylkiv, forming part of the 36th Fighter Aviation Division of the Air Defence Forces of the Kiev Special Military District.[321]
Over the entire period of its existence, the regiment was repeatedly reorganized and changed its name depending on the honorary titles assigned, awards and changes in the type of aviation:
The 43rd Fighter Aviation Regiment on 9 June 1942 was reorganized into the 43rd Mixed Aviation Regiment. The 43rd Mixed Aviation Regiment was reorganized on 21 June 1942 into the 43rd Fighter Aviation Regiment.[3]
The 43rd Fighter Aviation Sevastopol Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Regiment on 1 April 1960 was renamed the 43rd Aviation Sevastopol Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Regiment of Fighter-Bombers (APIB).
The 43rd Aviation Sevastopol Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Regiment of Fighter-Bombers, after being included in the Air Force of the Red Banner Black Sea Fleet on 1 December 1990, was renamed the 43rd Separate Naval Assault Aviation Sevastopol Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Regiment.
In connection with the reduction of the Russian Air Force, the 43rd Separate Marine Assault Aviation Sevastopol Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Regiment was reorganized on 1 October 1995 into the 43rd Separate Marine Assault Aviation Sevastopol Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Squadron.
In December 2004, the squadron was upgraded to a regiment once again. The 43rd separate naval assault aviation Sevastopol Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Regiment in connection with the ongoing reform of the RF Armed Forces in 2009 was renamed the 7058th Aviation Sevastopol Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Naval Aviation Base of the Russian Federation.
The 43rd separate naval assault aviation Sevastopol Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Naval Aviation Regiment of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation was re-formed in 2014 at the Novofedorovka airfield near the city of Saki.
The regiment was part of the "active army" (in front-line combat service) for six periods between 22 July 1941 and 9 May 1945.[322]
Incidents
The Russian Black Sea Fleet's (BSF) use of leased facilities in Sevastopol and the Crimea was sometimes controversial. A number of incidents took place:
- For security reasons, the BSF refused to allow Ukrainians to inspect its aircraft cargo, after allegations by Ukrainians that they could be carrying nuclear weapons, which would have infringed upon Ukraine's status under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)[34]
- The BSF transported rockets repeatedly through the port of Sevastopol without seeking permission from Ukrainian authorities.[34]
- A lighthouse is located on the headland which, starting in 2005, was the subject of a controversy between Ukraine and Russia. From 3 August 2005, the lighthouse was occupied by the Russian military.[323] Despite a controversial ruling by a Court in Sevastopol on the subject, Russian military officials referred to the fact that they only took orders from the chief of the Russian Navy headquarters and no one else. Ukrainian activists complained that Sarych was illegally occupied by the Russian Navy.[324] As a military facility, the territory around the Sarych headland is closed to trespassers with barbed wire, and the Russian flag flew over Sarych.[325]
- 20 June 2009 – In Sevastopol, a Russian fleet servicemen allegedly used physical force against 30 civilians. The city also alleges contract violations by the Construction Management Corporation of the Black Sea Fleet for not following through on promises to construct requested commercial housing after taking advance payment. The city began talks with the President and the Prime-Minister of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev and Vladimir Putin, and also to the Russian Minister of Defense Anatoliy Serdyukov with respect to the contract violations, but those did not yield results.[326]
- On 27 August 2009, Russian marines successfully prevented Ukrainian bailiffs from enforcing a Ukrainian court ruling on seizing lighthouses belonging to the BSF.[34] The Ukrainian Foreign Ministry described the Russian obstruction as a "disregard for Ukrainian legislation and international agreements".[34]
- On 16 April 2013, a "high-ranking Russian Defense Ministry official" complained to Interfax that "Ukraine's stubborn position" was slowing the cancellation of customs payments (for the fleet) and that Ukraine still upheld (former) Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko's 2008 decrees that banned the "relaxed procedure" of BSF formations crossing the Ukrainian border.[327]
- In the late hours of 13 April 2022 Ukrainian presidential adviser Oleksiy Arestovych reported Moskva was on fire and Odesa governor Maksym Marchenko said their forces hit Moskva with two R-360 Neptune anti-ship missiles.[328]
- On 22 September 2023, Ukraine hit the headquarters of the BSF using a Storm Shadow missile, killing at least 6 people.[329]
- on 1 February 2024, Ukraine released video purported to show the sinking of the Tarantul-class vessel Ivanovets by unmanned surface vehicle.[330][331]
- On 5 March 2024, the Sergey Kotov patrol vessel was sunk using Magura V5 naval drone.[332]
- On 23 March 2024, The defense forces of Ukraine hit the Russian large amphibious Ropucha-class landing ships Yamal. According to Ukraine's military intelligence, the Yamal warship suffered critical damage: a hole in the upper deck caused it to roll to the starboard side.[333]
- On 19 May 2024, Ukrainian forces destroyed the Project 22800 Karakurt class Tsiklon missile corvette in the port of Sevastopol with ATACMS missiles.[334][335]
- In 12 November 2024, Valery Trankovsky, Captain of the 1st Rank and cheif of staff of a missile boat brigade, was killed in a car bomb explosion in Crimea. The Russian government has opened a terrorism investigation.[336][337]
See also
- Azov-Black Sea Flotilla
- Black Sea Fleet electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917)
- List of ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
References
- ^ "Шойгу: действия Минобороны РФ в Крыму были вызваны угрозой жизни мирного населения". itar-tass.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
- ^ Altman, Jonathan (Winter 2016). "Russian A2/AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Growing Risk". Naval War College Review. 69 (1). Newport, Rhode Island: U.S. Naval War College: 72. ISSN 0028-1484.
- ^ "Russia's Black Sea Fleet Completes the First Stage of its Modernization". Naval News. 21 May 2020. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
- ^ a b Barnes, Joe (22 September 2023). "Storm Shadow missile 'tears open' Black Sea Fleet HQ in Crimea". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ a b Dooley, Matthew (23 September 2023). "Putin's top Black Sea Admiral 'killed' as Ukraine launches multi-pronged attack". Express.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ a b c "Ukraine says a third of Russian warships in the Black Sea have been destroyed or disabled". PBS NewsHour. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
- ^ Jankowicz, Mia. "Ukraine says it may have destroyed Russia's last cruise missile carrier based out of Crimea". Business Insider. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Russian Naval Forces in the Mediterranean: 1805 – 1809". Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ a b "History of the Crimean War". Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ "Operation Fleet For Ukraine". The Ukrainian Week. 16 May 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ John Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad, Cassel Military Paperbacks, 2003, p.205
- ^ "MV Armenia (Армения) (+1941)". Wrecksite.eu. 27 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ Sanders, Deborah (2015). "The Bulgarian Navy after the Cold War: Challenges of Building and Modernizing an Effective Navy". Naval War College Review. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ Toucas, Boris (2 February 2017). "The Geostrategic Importance of the Black Sea Region: A Brief History". www.csis.org. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ McCormick, Gordon H. (October 1987). "The Soviet Presence in the Mediterranean" (PDF). RAND. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ On Airpower.org, Military Thought article on Soviet Mediterranean squadron air defence Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
- ^ Holm, Michael. "Red Banner Black Sea Fleet". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013.
- ^ "Aviation Regiments". www.ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ Holm, Michael. "119th Nevelskaya Red Banner order of Suvorov Fighter Aviation Division". ww2.dk. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ The 841st Guards IAP was the former 66th Guards IAP (ru:66-й гвардейский истребительный авиационный полк)
- ^ Kobasa, Askold I. (December 1995). A Strategic-Military Analysis of the Ukrainian Armed Forces Archived 25 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Naval Postgraduate School. p. 57. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ a b ""Crimea should be Ukrainian, but without bloodshed." How Ukraine saved the peninsula 25 years ago". LB.ua (in Ukrainian). 16 July 2020. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ "Russian Troops to Land at Georgian Ports". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ Russia and Ukraine Settle Dispute Over Black Sea Fleet Archived 16 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine, 10 June 1995
- ^ Glenn E., Curtis (1998). Russia: A Country Study. Washington DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. xcii. ISBN 0-8444-0866-2. OCLC 36351361. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
- ^ Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press. p. 600. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
- ^ Krushelnycky, Askold (28 August 2008). "Crimean peninsula could be the next South Ossetia". The Independent.
- ^ No Russian fleet in Ukraine beyond 2017 –Ukrainian PM : Ukraine News by UNIAN Archived 25 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Unian.net (24 September 2008).
- ^ Russia, Ukraine agree on naval-base-for-gas deal Archived 25 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, CNN (21 April 2010)
- ^ Our Ukraine: Yanukovych should be impeached Archived 24 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (21 April 2010)
- ^ Ukrainian parliament ratifies agreement extending Russian Black Sea Fleet's presence in Crimea Archived 23 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (27 April 2010)
- ^ Oppositional deputies throw eggs in Lytvyn Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (27 April 2010)
- ^ Police clash with protesters in front of Ukrainian parliament Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (27 April 2010)
- ^ a b c d e The Crimea: Europe's Next Flashpoint? Archived 9 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, By Taras Kuzio, November 2010
- ^ All FSB officers working at Russian Black Sea Fleet must leave Ukraine –SBU Archived 13 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, UNIAN (17 June 2009)
- ^ Russia says FSB to stay in Crimea Archived 23 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine, UNIAN (18 June 2009)
- ^ Russian counterintelligence officers to return to Sevastopol Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (12 May 2010)
- ^ "Russia and Ukraine resume joint naval exercises". Voice of Russia. 16 April 2010. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
- ^ "Украинско-российский "Фарватер мира – 2011" стартовал в Севастополе". Информационное агентство Украинские Национальные Новости (УНН). Все онлайн новости дня в Украине за сегодня – самые свежие, последние. 2 February 2024. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ a b Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty's (opt, mozilla, unix,english,,new) Newsline Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Vol. 1, No. 42, Part I, 30 May 1997
- ^ Russia's Black Sea Fleet rules out joint drills with Georgia, UNIAN (17 June 2009)
- ^ Navy to Merge with Coast Guard Archived 19 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine, FINANCIAL (3 December 2008)
- ^ O’Loughlin, J., & Toal, G. (2019). The Crimea conundrum: legitimacy and public opinion after annexation. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 60(1), 6–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2019.1593873 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/15387216.2019.1593873?scroll=top&needAccess=true
- ^ Рокировки в СБУ. Кто такие Маликов, Остафийчук и Фролов [Castling the SBU. Who are Malikov, Ostafiychuk and Frolov]. Novoe Vremia (in Russian). 25 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
- ^ Севастопольский горсовет обратился к властям Украины с требованием запретить деятельность ВО «Свобода» [Sevastopol City Council called Ukrainian authorities to ban All-Ukrainian Union Svoboda]. Novy Sevastopol (in Russian). 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Генштаб ЗСУ: у Криму – не лише військові з частин Чорноморського флоту [General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces: in Crimea – not just soldiers from units of Black Sea Fleet]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- ^ В Крыму находятся российские военнослужащие не только из частей ЧФ РФ, утверждают в Генштабе ВСУ [The Black Sea Fleet are not the only Russian fighting forces to be found in Crimea, says the General Staff of AF of Ukraine] (in Russian). 4 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- ^ Osborn, Andrew (8 March 2014). "Ukraine facing loss of its navy as Russian forces in Crimea dig in". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ Eckel, Mike. "Evidence Suggests Key Russian Brigade In Crimea Seizure Deploying To Syria". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ "Ukraine 'preparing withdrawal of troops from Crimea'". BBC News. 19 March 2014. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
- ^ "ITAR-TASS: Russia – Russian state flags raised over most of Ukrainian mil units, ships in Crimea". En.itar-tass.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
- ^ "Inspection of Ukrainian Ships Entering Russia's Black Sea Fleet To Be Done by Year's End | Defense | RIA Novosti". En.ria.ru. 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
- ^ Russia begins returning Ukraine naval vessels and aircraft Archived 18 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Jane's Defence Weekly (12 April 2014)
- ^ Korrespondent.net. "Корреспондент: На маленьком флоту. На что сейчас способны остатки украинского флота". Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Holiday without brother: Sevastopol celebrated Navy Day Archived 30 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, BBC Ukrainian (28 July 2014)
- ^ Alex Felton; Marie-Louise Gumuchian (27 March 2014). "U.N. General Assembly resolution calls Crimean referendum invalid". cnn.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ a b c "The Naval Power Shift in the Black Sea". War on the Rocks. 9 January 2019. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Черноморская противолодочная авиация оказалась под угрозой исчезновения". Flot.com (in Russian). 20 October 2010. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011.
- ^ "A general criticized Black Sea Fleet aviation". Rusnavy.com. 27 October 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010.
- ^ "Three latest frigates Admiral Gorshkov class of Project 22350 will join the Russian Navy Pacific fleet". Navy Recognition. 16 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Ships of the Caspian Flotilla continue their inter-fleet passage across the Don to Azov Sea : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". eng.mil.ru. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "H I Sutton - Covert Shores". Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
- ^ "Russian Black Sea Sub Deployments to Mediterranean Could Violate Treaty". 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Black Sea Fleet projects Russian power westwards". Emerald Expert Briefings. Vol. oxan–db. 2016. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB210555. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
- ^ "Russian Navy Seen Escorting Iranian Tankers Bound for Syria". 21 October 2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
- ^ "H I Sutton – Covert Shores". www.hisutton.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- ^ "Mitrofan Moskalenko helicopter carrier to become Russian Black Sea Fleet flagship – source". TASS. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Is a New Russian Black Sea Fleet Coming? Or Is It Here?". War on the Rocks. 31 July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ Chaudhary, Smriti (12 October 2020). "Russia To Modify Its S-400 Missiles Making It Much More Lethal & Economical To Operate". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
- ^ "It's Time to Talk About A2/AD: Rethinking the Russian Military Challenge". War on the Rocks. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ^ Trevithick, Joseph (June 2020). "Air Force Reveals B-1Bs Were Practicing Decapitating Russia's Black Sea Fleet Last Week". The Drive. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ "Ukrainian Navy Commander Confirms Future Procurements Including Ada-class Corvettes". 5 January 2021. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ^ "Russian Black Sea Fleet to get seven warships in 2021". tass.com. 13 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ "Two US Destroyers Enter Black Sea; Russia Responds". 28 January 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ "Zelensky: Ukraine's NATO membership is one of most important security issues in Europe – KyivPost – Ukraine's Global Voice". KyivPost. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ @USNavyEurope (19 March 2021). "BREAKING: #USSMonterey part of @TheCVN69 began its straits transit into the Black Sea to conduct #maritimesecurity…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ @USNavyEurope (20 March 2021). "BREAKING: 2nd @usnavy ship - #USSThomasHudner - began its northbound transit into the #BlackSea to conduct…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Lee, Rob [@RALee85] (12 March 2021). "The Black Sea Fleet's flagship the Moskva Project 1164 cruiser departed Sevastopol to conduct a training exercise in the Black Sea. https://t.co/UiMeYC8I2k https://t.co/CYJkFbL4wu" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Russia deploys all Black Sea submarines during NATO drills". 19 March 2021. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ Olearchyk, Roman; Peel, Michael (6 April 2021). "Ukraine pressures Nato to speed path to membership". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ "Десантные и артиллерийские катера Каспийской флотилии приступили к межфлотскому переходу : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". function.mil.ru.
- ^ "Фрегат "Адмирал Эссен" Черноморского флота провёл артиллерийские стрельбы по береговым целям : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". function.mil.ru.
- ^ Sohtaoğlu, Mete [@metesohtaoglu] (9 April 2021). "#Turkey- #US sends diplomatic notification to Turkey for passage of 2 warships through Turkish straits to reach Black Sea #Ukraine #Russia" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ Lee, Rob [@RALee85] (12 April 2021). "The Caspian Flotilla sent all six of its Project 11770 Serna-class landing craft to the Black Sea. Photos: Сергей Пивоваров https://t.co/cAMXN6W7DO https://t.co/8LrwbxuJin" (Tweet). Retrieved 14 June 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ Lee, Rob [@RALee85] (11 April 2021). "Photo of three of the Caspian Flotilla's Project 1204 Shmel-class artillery/patrol boats and the GS-599 hydrographic ship in the Volga-Don Canal. https://t.co/TGKYckV9M0 https://t.co/SmU2Eu4oU7" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ Barbara Starr and Jennifer Hansler. "US considering sending warships to Black Sea amid Russia-Ukraine tensions". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine army chief rules out offensive against pro-Russia separatists". 9 April 2021. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ Mackinnon, Amy (9 April 2021). "Is Russia Preparing to Go to War in Ukraine?". Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ "Малые ракетные корабли Черноморского флота провели стрельбы по надводной цели в море в рамках контрольной проверки : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". function.mil.ru.
- ^ "US destroyers Roosevelt, Donald Cook to enter Black Sea next week – TV". TASS. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ "Putin underscores importance of Montreux Convention preservation to Erdogan". TASS. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ "U.S. cancels warships deployment to Black Sea –Turkish diplomatic sources". Reuters. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ Yaylalı, Devrim [@devrimyaylali] (17 April 2021). "Russian Northern Fleet Ropucha class large landing ships Kondopogaand Aleksandr Otrakovskiypassed northbound Istanbul this morning. This is the first Black Sea deployment for A. Otrakovskiy since 2018 and for Kondopoga since 2012. https://t.co/PHQ1rezeDP" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Russian cruiser Moskva successfully fired Vulkan missile for first time". www.navyrecognition.com. 30 April 2021. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ "Military Daily News". Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ "USS Arleigh Burke enters Black Sea 'on routine patrol' – Sixth Fleet". TASS. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ Плавская, Елена (18 October 2021). "Черноморский флот России привлек более 40 кораблей на учения в Крыму". Известия. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ Fisher, Lucy; Sheridan, Danielle (24 June 2021). "Dominic Raab warned MoD about Royal Navy's Crimea plans". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ "Russian military, border guards fire warning shots as British destroyer enters Russian territorial waters in Black Sea". Interfax. 23 June 2021. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ "Russia fires warning shots at British destroyer in Black Sea". Al Jazeera. 23 June 2021. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ "UK denies Russia fired warning shots near British warship". BBC News. 23 June 2021. Archived from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (24 June 2021). "Britain acknowledges surprise at speed of Russian reaction to warship". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ Nechepurenko, Ivan (23 June 2021). "Russia Says It Fired Warning Shots at a U.K. Warship Near Crimea". The New York Times. Moscow, Russia. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ "Russia builds up forces on Ukrainian border". Politico. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Schlottman, Henry [@HN_Schlottman] (20 February 2022). "Updated map of BTG deployments IVO #Ukraine" (Tweet). Retrieved 4 March 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Rondeli Russian Military Digest: Issue 121, 14 February – 20 February 2022". www.gfsis.org. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "NBC journalist claims Russian troops landed in Odessa". TASS. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Russian Navy Has Limited Role in Initial Invasion of Ukraine". 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Tim McMillan (25 February 2022). "The Battle For Kyiv: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Day 2". The Debrief. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "UPDATED: Russian Navy Launches Amphibious Assault on Ukraine; Naval Infantry 30 Miles West of Mariupol". 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Turkey closes the Dardanelles and Bosphorus to warships". 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Blocking the Bosphorus – Turkey Implements the Montreux Convention". 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian Navy scuttles flagship as Russia advances on Mykolaiv". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian patrol vessel Sloviansk reportedly destroyed". Navyrecognition.com. 4 August 1988. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ "Russian Project 22160 patrol ship Vasily Bykov reportedly damaged". Navyrecognition.com. 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ a b ""Потопленный" Украиной корабль ЧФ России вошел в бухту Севастополя". Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ "Analysis: Russian Armed Forces capture dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdyansk". 14 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian Defense Forces eliminated the Deputy Commander of the Russian Black Sea Fleet". mil.in.ua. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ "Deputy Commander of the Black Sea Fleet Andrey Paliy died in a special operation near Mariupol – В спецоперации под Мариуполем погиб замкомандующего ЧФ Андрей Палий". ForPost (in Russian). 20 March 2022. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ @UAWeapons (22 March 2022). "#Ukraine: We obtained video that shows that the Azov claim of a Russian Project 03160 "Raptor" patrol boat being struck near #Mariupol is accurate, with 2x 9M113 ATGM being fired, 1 successful hit" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 December 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Ukrainian military clarifies which Russian landing ship it destroyed". thehill.com. 25 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022 – via www.bbc.com.
- ^ "Russia salvages landing ship hit by Ukraine missile fire". bbc.com. 2 July 2022. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "Russian Landing Ship Destroyed In Massive Explosion In Captured Ukrainian Port City". The Drive. 24 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ Coleman, Julie (24 March 2022). "Video shows 2 Russian warships escaping as Ukrainian missiles blast a docked ship". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ Кирилловка.Укр (24 March 2022). "Бердянск: взрывы и пожар в порту 24 марта 2022 года" [Berdyansk: explosions and fire in the port on March 24, 2022]. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ "What Badly Damaged The Russian Landing Ship at Berdyansk?". Overt Defense. 25 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian Project 1824B ship Pereyaslav reportedly hit by gunfire". Navy Recognition. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ Saul, Jonathan; Paul, Ruma (3 March 2022). "Two cargo ships hit by blasts around Ukraine, one seafarer killed". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "Ukraine Claims Strike On Russian Warship". www.barrons.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ "Russia Says Major Ship in Black Sea Fleet Badly Damaged in Blast – Interfax". 13 April 2022. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- ^ "Russia says major ship in Black Sea fleet badly damaged in blast". The Jerusalem Post. 14 April 2022. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ Новости, Р. И. А. (14 April 2022). "Минобороны заявило, что при шторме затонул крейсер "Москва"". РИА Новости (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ Cooper, Helene (15 April 2022). "Russia's Black Sea flagship was hit by 2 Ukrainian missiles, a U.S. official says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ^ Korshak, Stefan (6 May 2022). "Kremlin to family members of Moskva cruiser crew: Ship sank by accident, no war compensation". www.kyivpost.com. Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Zmiinyi (УSnakeФ) Island: Bayraktar UCAVs destroy three Russian Serna and Raptor boats | Ukrayinska Pravda". Pravda.com.ua. 5 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ "List Of Naval Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine". Oryxspioenkop. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
- ^ @Capt_Navy (11 June 2022). "#war Badly, very badly damaged Russian high-speed coastal patrol boat of the project 02510. Probably combat damage received in the battles for Snake Island. I doubt that this boat will be repaired and returned to service" (Tweet). Retrieved 8 December 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ Voytenko, Mikhail. "Brand new auxiliary ship of Russian Navy suffered major fire in Black sea UPDATE". www.fleetmon.com. Fleetmon. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ Anon (12 May 2022). "Ukraine lines up Russia's Vsevolod Bobrov ship off coast of Snake Island". www.ukrinform.net. Ukrinform. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ Bazaraa, Danya (12 May 2022). "New Russian Navy ship 'limping back to port on fire after Ukraine strike'". www.mirror.co.uk. Mirror. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ "Russia denies Ukraine forces damaged navy ship in Black Sea". yahoo!life. Reuters. 14 May 2022. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
- ^ a b Maritime-Executive. "Despite Ukrainian Claims, Russian Navy Support Ship Appears Unharmed". www.maritime-executive.com. The Maritime Executive LLC. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ^ "On the Russian logistics ship "Vsevolod Bobrov" installed ZRPK "Pantsir-S"". avia-pro.net. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ Solomon, Erika (15 May 2022). "Ukraine-Russia War: Live Updates - The New York Times". The Chestnut Post. Retrieved 15 May 2022.[permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Missiles destroy military infrastructure in western Ukraine near Polish border, governor says". Reuters. 15 May 2022. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine/Russland/NATO – der Sammler am 17. Mai 2022 – Augen geradeaus!". augengeradeaus.net. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ^ Новости, Р. И. А. (17 May 2022). "ВС России уничтожили военную технику из США и Европы во Львовской области". РИА Новости (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ^ "Missile attack on infrastructure of Lviv Railway regional branch in Yavoriv district - KyivPost - Ukraine's Global Voice". KyivPost. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ^ RFE/RL's Russian Service (31 July 2022). "Russian Navy Day Celebrations Canceled In Crimea's Sevastopol After Reported Drone Attack". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ Andrew Roth in Moscow, Isobel Koshiw in Kyiv and Pjotr Sauer (31 July 2022). "Russia claims five injured in Ukraine drone attack on Black Sea fleet HQ". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ "Half of Russia's Black Sea fleet's combat jets out of operation, Western official says". Reuters. 19 August 2022. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ Balmforth, Tom; Hunder, Max (19 August 2022). "Night of explosions rocks Russian-held areas far from front". www.aol.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ "Kremlin 'secretly' replaces Russian Black Sea Fleet commander". The New Voice of Ukraine. Yahoo! News. 17 August 2022. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ^ "Russian Defense Ministry reports "minor damage" to Ivan Golubets minesweeper". 29 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ "Russian warship protecting pipelines attacked by 3 Ukrainian marine drones in the Black Sea, Russian officials say". Business Insider. 25 May 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ "Audacious Ukrainian sea drone attack at Novorossiysk leaves Russian warship listing badly". 4 August 2023. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ "British cruise missiles were used in significant Ukrainian attack on Russian submarine". Sky News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- ^ Oryx. "Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine". Oryx. Archived from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- ^ "Two Russian Navy Black sea ships hit by missiles, one destroyed VIDEO". 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "Ukraine launches missile attack on Crimea". BBC News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- ^ Edwards, Tim Lister,Josh Pennington,Olga Voitovych,Christian (13 September 2023). "Ukrainian missiles strike Russian warships in Crimean naval base". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ukraine hits Russian shipyard in Crimea port, damages ship Archived 6 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 5 November 2023
- ^ https://www.kyivpost.com/post/23747 Archived 18 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine Ukraine Confirms Destruction of Major Russian Warship], Kyiv Post, 7 November 2023
- ^ "Russia confirms damage to warship in Black Sea". 26 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024.
- ^ "Russia confirms its landing ship hit by Ukrainian missile strike in occupied Crimea". 26 December 2023. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ Axe, David (19 January 2024). "Ukraine's Drone Boats Blew Up A Russian Warship Three Weeks Ago. But Few People Noticed Until Now". Forbes. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "ISW о потопленном корвете "Тарантул" возле Севастополя: удары Украины по Крыму в конце декабря оказались успешнее". Крым.Реалии (in Russian). 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ Victoria Butenko; Christian Edwards; Alex Stambaugh (14 February 2024). "Ukraine says it has sunk another warship, disabling a third of Russia's Black Sea Fleet". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ a b "Ukrainian military says it sank a Russian landing ship in the Black Sea". AP News. 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ a b Lendon, Brad (5 March 2024). "Ukraine's drones sink another Russian warship, Kyiv says". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Ukraine says it has sunk a Russian patrol ship near Crimea". NBC News. 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine war latest: Russian tugboat destroyed, Biden calls Putin 'tyrant bent on domination'". The Kyiv Independent. 6 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
- ^ Interfax-AVN, Moscow, 0903GMT 15 May 13
- ^ Биография командующего Черноморским флотом вице-адмирала Александра Моисеева (in Russian). TASS. 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
- ^ "Новый командующий Черноморским флотом: биография". РИА Новости Крым (in Russian). 16 August 2022. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ^ "Kremlin sacks head of Black Sea fleet after Ukraine sinks warships". The Telegraph. 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ "Russia and black sea security" (PDF). www.sipri.org. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Mare Nostrum Strategy: Russian Military Activity in the Black Sea". 21 March 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
- ^ Pincus, Rebecca (29 November 2018). "Meet Russia's New Weapon Against Ukraine: The Coast Guard". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
- ^ "The cruiser Moscow and the frigate Admiral Grigorovich conducted a training exercise to search for and destroy a submarine of a mock enemy in the Black Sea : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". eng.mil.ru.
- ^ "Russian Black Sea Fleet's flagship on its way home after Mediterranean deployment".
- ^ "Russian warship Moskva has sunk – defence ministry". BBC. 15 April 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
The 12,490-tonne vessel is the biggest Russian warship to be sunk in action since World War Two.
- ^ "Russian Black Sea Fleet guard ship deploys to sea after repairs". Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ "Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". сирия.минобороны.рф.[permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Вертолётчики Балтфлота отработали один из самых сложных элементов для морской авиации". klops.ru (in Russian). 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
- ^ a b c "Корабли Черноморского флота выполнили артиллерийские стрельбы по воздушным и морским целям в ходе учения : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". structure.mil.ru.
- ^ "Admiral Makarov to assume the new flagship of Russian Black Sea fleet". Naval News. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ "Shipbuilders deliver cutting-edge missile corvette to Russian Navy". TASS. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ Grotnik, Tomasz (17 May 2023). "Russia's Black Sea Fleet Gets New Corvette... Kind of". Naval News. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
- ^ "Источник: вооруженная "Калибрами" подлодка "Алроса" останется на Черноморском флоте - ТАСС". Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "Russian submarine Novorossiysk will undergo repairs in 2023". Navy Recognition. 25 October 2022. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk21/2022". Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Russian forces in the Mediterranean – Wk10/2022". Russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian Naval Forces to upgrade Hetman Sahaidachny frigate". Navy Recognition. 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ "New images show extent of damage endured by Russian submarine in Sevastopol". Ukrinform. 18 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ "Foreign Warships On Bosphorus in 2021". 22 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ a b c "Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk42/2022". Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ "Rondeli Russian Military Digest: Issue 67, 14 December- 20 December 2020". www.gfsis.org. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ "Admiralty Shipyards Submarines in the International Maritime Defense Show – SeaWaves Magazine". Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
- ^ "Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk38/2022". Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Submarines Kolpino & Velikiy Novgorod Exercising in the Black Sea – SeaWaves Magazine". Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ "Submarine Veliky Novgorod Fires Torpedo in the Black Sea – SeaWaves Magazine". Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
- ^ "Sixth Project 636.3 SSK Submarine". 25 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- ^ "Kolpino Russian submarine trains Kalibr anti-ship missile fire". Navy Recognition. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Боевые румбы "Колпино" - Армейский сборник Журнал Министерства обороны Российской Федерации". Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ^ "Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". structure.mil.ru.[permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Damaged Samum Ship Towed to Sevastopol Base But Repairing It is a Huge Problem". 17 September 2023.
- ^ "Media: Ukraine hits Russian missile-carrying ship with sea drone". The Kyiv Independent. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
- ^ "Black Sea Fleet deployments-Wk05/2022". Russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Russian Navy missile corvettes hold artillery firings in Black Sea". Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ "Более 10 кораблей Черноморского флота встретили Новый год в Средиземном море : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". structure.mil.ru.
- ^ "Russian forces in the Mediterranean – Wk11/2022". Russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Russian Naval deployments during the Ukraine War". Russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Экипаж малого ракетного корабля Черноморского флота "Орехово-Зуево" приступил к сдаче курсовой задачи К-1 : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". structure.mil.ru.
- ^ a b c d e "Russian Black Sea Fleet 2022 :: All Surface Combatants, Submarines, Littoral Warfare Ships, Rescue and Auxiliary Ships". www.kchf.ru. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f "Black Sea Fleet deployments-Wk04/2022". Russianfleetanalysis.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Small Missile Ship – Project 21631". Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ "Eight surface combatants and two submarines were delivered to Russian Navy in 2020". 11 January 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ "New Kalibr-armed ship to join Russia's Black Sea Fleet on January 30". Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
- ^ "Small Missile Ships – Project 22800". Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ^ Dysa, Yuliia; Malenko, Anastasia (21 May 2024). "Ukraine says it destroys Russian missile ship in Crimea strike". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ Starkova, Maria; Monaghan, Elaine (4 November 2023). "Ukraine hits Russian shipyard in Crimea port, damages ship". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ "Project 22800 'Karakurt' class corvette". War Spotting. 4 November 2022.
- ^ "Russia 'unable to repair missile ship Askold' after precision missile strike by Ukraine". The New Voice of Ukraine. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Russia deploys new corvettes to Black Sea, replacing destroyed Askold in Kerch - media". Espreso. 10 December 2023. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Over 40 Black Sea Fleet warships take part in massive Crimean drills". TASS. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ "Russian Navy warships hold torpedo firings in Black Sea drills". Archived from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ "Russian Defense Ministry reports "minor damage" to Ivan Golubets minesweeper". Yahoo! News. 29 October 2022.
- ^ Faulconbridge, Guy; Ravikumar, Sachin (29 October 2022). "Russia says UK navy blew up Nord Stream, London denies involvement". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
- ^ "Russian Navy warship enters English Channel in long-distance deployment". Tass. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
- ^ "Russian Navy's state-of-the-art minesweeper arrives in Sevastopol". TASS. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "Ivan Golubets and Pavel Silaev Return to Sevastopol – SeaWaves Magazine". Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ "The anti-sabotage boat Pavel Silaev and the sea tug Sergey Balk of the Black Sea Fleet pass the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". eng.mil.ru. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d "The russians confirm the damage to the Raptor-class boat near Mariupol - Militarnyi". Archived from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
- ^ "Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". structure.mil.ru. [permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Patrol ship Vasily Bykov of the Black Sea Fleet makes the transition to the Mediterranean Sea : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ "Russian Fleet Holds Naval Drills in Indian Ocean". 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ "Russian Navy commissioned its new patrol vessel Pavel Derzhavin Project 22160". 28 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ^ "Patrol Ship – Project 22160". russianships.info. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ "Russia Navy's Project 22160 patrol ship Pavel Derzhavin reportedly been damaged". 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Patrol Ship Sergey Kotov - Project 22160". Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ "State-of-the-art Russian patrol ship completes transit to Sevastopol for further trials". TASS. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "Cutting-edge patrol ship to enter service with Russian Navy by yearend". TASS. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
- ^ "Ukraine attacks Russian warships in Black Sea, destroys air defences in Crimea". euractiv.com. 15 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Exercise with crews of minesweepers of the Black Sea Fleet : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ a b "Coastal minesweeper – Project 1265". russianships.info. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
- ^ Gigova, Radina; Picheta, Rob; Murphy, Paul P. (28 December 2023). "Satellite images show Russian navy ship burning after Ukrainian strike in Crimea". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ Trevithick, Joseph (27 December 2023). "Full Devastation From Cruise Missile Attack On Russian Ship Comes Into View". The Drive. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Russian Navy's task force of 12 large landing ships on duty in Black Sea – source". tass.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ^ Vakil, Caroline (25 March 2022). "Ukrainian military clarifies which Russian landing ship it destroyed". The Hill. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ "Russian Yamal landing ship critically damaged". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
- ^ "Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov sunk off Crimea, says Ukraine". BBC. BBC News. 14 February 2024. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine Says Weekend Missile Attack Damaged 4 Russian Ships". The Moscow Times. 26 March 2024. Archived from the original on 26 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
- ^ "Footage of the Russian Ropucha Class Pr.775 LST 'Minsk' hit by a Ukrainian cruise missile in the Sevastopol Shipyard drydocks". twitter.com. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
- ^ "Landing craft – Project 02510". russianships.info. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ a b "7769 — Postimages". postlmg.cc. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
- ^ "High-Speed Landing Craft D-309 – Project 02510". www.kchf.ru. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ "Russia says Ukraine tried to attack Russian ship near major gas pipelines in Black Sea". Reuters. 11 June 2023. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
- ^ "Foreign Warships on Bosphorus in 2021 (Part 1)". 22 February 2021. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ Ozberk, Tayfun (26 May 2023). "Russian Intelligence Ship Seemingly Hit By Ukrainian USV". Naval News. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
The Ivan Khurs AGI ship appears to have made it back safely at its homeport of Sevastopol this morning (26 May 2023) under its own power and seemingly with little to no damages
- ^ "Small Seagoing Tanker Istra – Trophy vessel". www.kchf.ru. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ "Medium seagoing tanker – Project 577". Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Floating workshops – Project 304". Russianships.info. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ Manaranche, Martin (19 May 2020). "First project 03182 tanker to Join Russia's Black Sea fleet". Naval News. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ^ "First Project 03182 Tanker Joins Russia's Black Sea Fleet". Naval News. June 2021. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ^ "Russian forces in the Mediterranean – Wk09/2022". Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Project 23120 Vsevolod Bobrov Heading to Black Sea Fleet – SeaWaves Magazine". Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ "Logistic vessel Vsevolod Bobrov completes sea trials". 15 April 2021. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ "Vsevolod Bobrov Maiden Arrival in Novorossiysk – SeaWaves Magazine". Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ Voytenko, Mikhail (12 May 2022). "Brand new auxiliary ship of Russian Navy suffered major fire in Black sea". FleetMon. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ Mishra, Prabhat Ranjan (13 May 2022). "Another Russian Navy Ship, Vsevolod Bobrov, Catches Fire After Being Hit In Ukraine". International Business Times, Singapore Edition. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
- ^ "Hydrographic Survey Vessel Cheleken – Project 861 / Moma Class". www.kchf.ru. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ a b "Hydrographic survey vessel – Project 862". Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ "Rescue ship Project 22870". Russian Ships. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Russian Tug Spasatel Vasily Bekh (SB-739)". Black Sea Fleet. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ a b "What is known about the 'demilitarized' Russian tug, the Vasily Bekh". Yahoo News. 17 June 2022. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ Newdick, Thomas (17 June 2022). "Ukraine Claims Harpoon Missile Attack On Russian Navy Ship". The Drive. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ Brown, Larisa (21 June 2022). "Ukraine sinks Russian ship with western weapons". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ "Russian tugboat damaged along with Pavel Derzhavin vessel – Ukrainian Navy". Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
- ^ "The rescue vessel of the Black Sea Fleet "Captain Guryev" is heading to the Gulf of Oman". ВПК.name. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
- ^ "Shipbuilders float out latest Project 22870 rescue tug for Russian Navy". TASS. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Russian Ground Forces Order of Battle" (PDF). www.understandingwar.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Russian Military Forces: Interactive Map". www.gfsis.org. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ Third Bastion missile system has been delivered to Black Sea Fleet Archived 15 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Rusnavy.com (19 January 2011)
- ^ "P-800 Oniks (Yaknont) Anti-Ship Cruise Missile | Military-Today.com". www.military-today.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ^ Archus, Dorian (25 September 2019). "Russia Developed Enhanced Version of Oniks (Yakhont) Cruise Missile – Naval Post – Naval News and Information". Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ Roblin, Sebastien (8 February 2020). "Why Russia's Bastion-P Truck-Launched Anti-Ship Missiles Could Be a Real Killer". The National Interest.
- ^ "Why Russia's Bastion-P Truck-Launched Anti-Ship Missiles Could Be a Real Killer". Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- ^ "Russian military tracking USS Porter after it sailed into Black Sea – ministry". Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. "Танкисты армейского корпуса Черноморского флота выполнили стрельбы из вооружения танков Т-72Б3".
- ^ "Танковые подразделения армейского корпуса ЧФ провели учебные стрельбы на полигоне "Ангарский" – Юг и Северный Кавказ || Интерфакс Россия". www.interfax-russia.ru (in Russian). 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
- ^ "Army corps in Crimea to be complemented with rocket battalion – Commander". TASS. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ "Rondeli Russian Military Digest: Issue 117, 17 January – 23 January 2022". www.gfsis.org. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Russian Military Transformation Tracker: Issue 1, August 2018-July 2019". www.gfsis.org. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- ^ "Drills with 2,000 paratroopers begin in Crimea". Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ "Первый батальон 97-го полка ВДВ России развернут в Крыму в 2017 году". Tacc. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ "Россия к началу декабря усилит военную группировку в Крыму десантным полком -". Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ "Шойгу сообщил о создании нового полка ВДВ в Крыму". 25 March 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ "Russian Airborne Forces create airmobile units – Part 2 | analysis focus army defence military industry army". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- ^ "Navy-Killers: Russia is Deploying New Anti-Ship Missiles in Crimea | The National Interest". 8 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- ^ "Russia's Military Posture: Ground Forces Order of Battle" (PDF). www.criticalthreats.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Russian Air Force – Today". www.easternorbat.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- ^ "Security Review" (PDF). www.gfsis.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "Russian Navy Naval Aviation Continues to Receive New Su-30SM Multirole Fighters". Navy Recognition. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ "Russian Navy warships eliminate enemy aircraft over Black Sea in drills".
- ^ a b c "MILITARIZATION OF OCCUPIED CRIMEA – A THREAT TO GLOBAL SECURITY". old.defence-ua.com.
- ^ "Su-30SM Multirole Fighter Aircraft, Russian Federation". www.airforce-technology.com.
- ^ "First batch-produced Su-57 delivered to regiment in Southern Military District – source".
- ^ "The Naval Power Shift in the Black Sea". 9 January 2019.
- ^ "Russian Military Transformation Tracker, Issue 3: December 2020-June 2021".
- ^ "43rd Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment".
- ^ Коллектив авторов. Великая Отечественная: Комдивы. Военный биографический словарь / В. П. Горемыкин. — М.: Кучково поле, 2014. — Т. 2. — С. 828. — 1000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-9950-0341-0.
- ^ "Состав и дислокация авиационных корпусов, дивизий и бригад ВВС Красной Армии на 22 июня 1941 г." www.soldat.ru. Retrieved 16 December 2022., based upon Калашников К.А., Феськов В.И., Чмыхало А.Ю., Голиков В.И. "Красная Армия в июне 1941 года (статистический сборник)". - Томск: Изд-во Том. ун-та, 2001. - 200 с.
- ^ Collective Authors. Percheni № 12 Aviation Regiments Военно-воздушных сил Красной армии, входивших в состав Действующей армии в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941—1945 гг. / Покровский. — Министерство обороны СССР. Военно-научное управление Генерального Штаба. — Москва: Воениздат, 1960. — Т. Приложение к директиве Генерального штаба от 18 января 1960 г. № 170023. — 96 pages.
- ^ "The owner of the "sarych" lighthouse came back with a blank document to the President of Ukraine". CPCFPU (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- ^ "Access to Ukrainians is prohibited". Zakryta Zona (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- ^ ""Sarych" was surrounded with a barbed wire and had a Russian flag flying above it". Korrespondent (in Ukrainian). 10 February 2006. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007.
- ^ "Військовослужбовці ЧФ РФ побилися з жертвами будівельної афери". Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- ^ Kyiv obstructs Black Sea Fleet's modernization, says Russian military official, Interfax-Ukraine (16 April 2013)
- ^ "Russian warship Moskva on fire but afloat, Pentagon says". The Guardian. 14 April 2022.
- ^ Sackur, Leila (23 September 2023). "Senior leadership among those killed in strike on Russia's Black Sea Fleet, Ukraine says". www.nbcnews.com. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ Robert Greenall (2 February 2024). "Ukraine 'hits Russian missile boat Ivanovets in Black Sea'". BBC.
- ^ Tim Sigsworth (1 February 2024). "Watch: Ukraine sinks Russian warship in Black Sea drone strike". The Telegraph.
- ^ "Ukraine war briefing: another Russian warship sunk in Black Sea, says Ukrainian intelligence | Ukraine | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ "russia's 'yamal' Large-Sized Landing Warship Was Destroyed – Details of Damage". gur.gov.ua. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ Krasteva, Gergana (21 May 2024). "Putin's newest war toy has already been hit and destroyed by a missile". Metro. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
- ^ Zoria, Yuri (21 May 2024). "Ukraine destroys Tsyklon, Russia's last surface Kalibr missile ship in occupied Crimea". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
- ^ Top Russian Navy Commander Killed in Car Bomb Attack in Crimea, Newsweek, 13 November 2024.
- ^ Ukraine says it blew up a Russian naval commander with a car bomb in occupied Crimea, CBS News, 13 November 2024.
Further reading
- Simonsen, Sven Gunnar (June 2000). "'You take your oath only once:' Crimea, The Black Sea Fleet, and national identity among Russian officers". Nationalities Papers. 28 (2): 289–316. doi:10.1080/713687467. ISSN 0090-5992. S2CID 128609425.
External links
- Russia – Ukraine Lease agreement
- Unofficial site
- History of the Black Sea Fleet during WWII (in Russian)
- Narodny Oglyadach reports on morale situation in Russian naval base in Sevastopol
- КОРАБЛІ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ФЛОТИ (1917–1918 рр.) – Ukrainian Navy (1917–1918) (in Ukrainian)
- Ukrainian Navy: ferial excursions into the past and present
- Ukraine – Historical Naval Flags (1918)
- Military units and formations established in 1783
- Naval units and formations of the Soviet Union
- Russian fleets
- Russia–Ukraine relations
- Black Sea
- Russian Navy
- Military history of the Black Sea
- 1783 establishments in the Russian Empire
- Military units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner
- Military units and formations of Russia in the Russian invasion of Ukraine