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Trona

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For other uses, see Trona (disambiguation).
Trona
General
CategoryCarbonate mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)		Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O
IMA symbolTn[1]
Strunz classification5.CB.15
Crystal systemMonoclinic
Crystal classPrismatic (2/m)
(same H-M symbol)
Space groupC2/c (no. 15)
Identification
ColorColorless (in transmitted light) or white, grey-white, also grey to yellowish grey, light yellow
Crystal habitColumnar, fibrous and massive.
Cleavage[100] perfect, [111] and [001] indistinct
FractureBrittle – subconchoidal
Mohs scale hardness2.5
LusterVitreous
StreakWhite
DiaphaneityTranslucent
Specific gravity2.11–2.17
Optical propertiesBiaxial (−)
Refractive indexnα = 1.412 nβ = 1.492 nγ = 1.540
Birefringenceδ = 0.128
SolubilitySoluble in water
Other characteristicsMay fluoresce under short wavelength ultraviolet
References[2][3][4][5]

Trona (trisodium hydrogendicarbonate dihydrate, also sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate, Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) is a non-marine evaporite mineral.[4][6] It is mined as the primary source of sodium carbonate in the United States, where it has replaced the Solvay process used in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production. Turkey is also a major producer.

Etymology

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The word entered English by way of either Swedish (trona) or Spanish (trona), with both possible sources having the same meaning as in English: the mineral natron from North Africa. Both the Spanish and Swedish[7] terms derive from the Arabic trōn, which in turn derives from Arabic natron and Hebrew נתרן (natruna), which comes from ancient Greek νιτρον (nitron), derived ultimately from ancient Egyptian ntry (or nitry'’).[citation needed]

Natural deposits

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Trona sample from Searles Valley, California near the town of Trona, California

Trona is found at Owens Lake and Searles Lake, California; the Green River Formation of Wyoming and Utah; the Makgadikgadi Pans in Botswana and in the Nile Valley in Egypt.[8] The trona near Green River, Wyoming, is the largest known deposit in the world and lies in layered evaporite deposits below ground, where the trona was deposited in a lake during the Paleogene Period.[9] Trona has also been mined at Lake Magadi in the Kenyan Rift Valley for nearly 100 years. The northern part of Lake Natron is covered by a 1.5 m thick trona bed,[10] and occurs in 'salt' pans in the Etosha National Park in Namibia.[11] The Beypazari region in the Ankara Province of Turkey has some 33 trona beds in two fault-bound lensoid bodies in and above oil shales of the Lower Hirka Formation (16 in the lower and 17 in the upper body).[12] The Wucheng basin trona mine, Henan Province China has some 36 trona beds (693–974 m deep), the lower 15 beds are 0.5–1.5 m thick, thickest 2.38 m; the upper 21 beds are 1–3 m thick, with a maximum of 4.56 m hosted and underlain by dolomitic oil shales of the Wulidui Formation.[13]

Trona has also been found in magmatic environments.[14] Research has shown that trona can be formed by autometasomatic reactions of late-magmatic fluids or melts (or supercritical fluid-melt mixtures), with earlier crystallized rocks within the same plutonic complex, or by large-scale vapor unmixing in the very final stages of magmatism.[14]

Crystal structure

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The ambient temperature crystal structure of trona viewed down the b axis with the unit cell indicated by the solid gray line.

The crystal structure of trona was first determined by Brown et al. (1949).[15] The structure consists of units of 3 edge-sharing sodium polyhedra (a central octahedron flanked by septahedra), cross-linked by carbonate groups and hydrogen bonds. Bacon and Curry (1956)[16] refined the structure determination using two-dimensional single-crystal neutron diffraction, and suggested that the hydrogen atom in the symmetric (HC2O6)3− anion is disordered. The environment of the disordered H atom was later investigated by Choi and Mighell (1982)[17] at 300 K with three-dimensional single-crystal neutron diffraction: they concluded that the H atom is dynamically disordered between two equivalent sites, separated from one another by 0.211(9) Å. The dynamically disordered H atom was reinvestigated at low temperature by O'Bannon et al. 2014 and they concluded that it does not order at temperatures as low as 100K.[18]

Uses

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  • Trona is a common source of soda ash, which is a significant economic commodity because of its applications in manufacturing glass, chemicals, paper, detergents, and textiles.
  • It is used to condition water.
  • It is used to remove sulfur from both flue gases and lignite coals.[19][20]
  • It is a product of carbon sequestration of flue gases.[21]
  • It is also used as a food additive.[22]

Mining operations

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. ^ Handbook of Mineralogy
  3. ^ Mindat
  4. ^ a b Webmineral data
  5. ^ Choi, C. S.; Mighell, A. D. (1 November 1982). "Neutron diffraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate". Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 38 (11): 2874–2876. doi:10.1107/S0567740882010164.
  6. ^ Mineral galleries Archived 2005-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, 2008
  7. ^ "Trona-salt | SAOB".
  8. ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Makgadikgadi, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
  9. ^ Wyoming Mining Association (2017). Wyoming Mining Association: Trona Mining Wyoming Mining Association. Retrieved on 2017-10-25.
  10. ^ Manega, P.C., Bieda, S., 1987. Modern sediments of Lake Natron, Tanzania. Sciences Geologiques. Bulletin 40, 83–95.
  11. ^ Eckardt, F. D., Drake, N., Goudie, A. S., White, K., & Viles, H. (2001). The role of playas in pedogenic gypsum crust formation in the Central Namib Desert: a theoretical model. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26(11), 1177–1193.
  12. ^ Helvaci, C., 1998. The Beypazari trona deposit, Ankara Province, Turkey. In: Dyni, J.R., Jones, R. W. (Eds.), Proceedings of the first international soda-ash conference; Volume II, v. 40: Laramie, WY, Public Information Circular – Geological Survey of Wyoming, pp. 67–103.
  13. ^ Zhang, Youxun, 1985. Geology of the Wucheng trona deposit in Henan, China. In: Schreiber, B.C., Warner, H.L. (Eds.), Sixth international symposium on salt, 1, pp. 67–73.
  14. ^ a b Markl, Gregor; Baumgartner, Lukas (2002). "PH changes in peralkaline late-magmatic fluids". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 144 (3): 331–346. Bibcode:2002CoMP..144..331M. doi:10.1007/s00410-002-0401-6. S2CID 128954565.
  15. ^ Brown, C. J.; Peiser, H. S.; Turner-Jones, A. (1949). "The crystal structure of sodium sesquicarbonate". Acta Crystallographica. 2 (3): 167–174. doi:10.1107/S0365110X4900045X.
  16. ^ Bacon, G.E., and Curry, N.A. (1956) A neutron-diffraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate. Acta Crystallographica, 9, 82–85.
  17. ^ Choi, C. S.; Mighell, A. D. (1982). "Neutron diffraction study of sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 38 (11): 2874–2876. doi:10.1107/S0567740882010164.
  18. ^ O'Bannon, E.; Beavers, C. M.; Williams, Q. (2014). "Trona at extreme conditions: A pollutant-sequestering material at high pressures and low temperatures". American Mineralogist. 99 (10): 1973–1984. Bibcode:2014AmMin..99.1973O. doi:10.2138/am-2014-4919. S2CID 101336393.
  19. ^ Kong Y., and Wood M.D. (2010) Dry injection of trona for SO3 control. Power, 154, 114–118.
  20. ^ Sütcü, H.; Eker, Y. (2013). "The Removal of Sulfur from Dursunbey and İskilip Lignites in Turkey, Using Natural Trona: 1. The Effect of the Thermal Method". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 35: 83–91. doi:10.1080/15567036.2010.518220. S2CID 98118578.
  21. ^ Yoo, Miran; Han, Sang-Jun; Wee, Jung-Ho (2013). "Carbon dioxide capture capacity of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution". Journal of Environmental Management. 114: 512–519. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.061. PMID 23183145.
  22. ^ Nielsen, Joan M. (1999). "East African magadi (Trona): Fluoride concentration and mineralogical composition". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 29 (2): 423–428. Bibcode:1999JAfES..29..423N. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00107-4.
  23. ^ a b c d "2015 Wyoming Mines State Inspector Annual Report" (PDF). 2016-03-25. p. 58. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
  24. ^ "The Trona Industry in Sweetwater County | Green River, WY". www.cityofgreenriver.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  25. ^ "Church and Dwight | Consumer Goods | Home and Personal Care Products". churchdwight.com. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  26. ^ "Locations". Intrepid Potash. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  27. ^ "The J.R. Simplot Company – Bringing Earth's Resources to Life". www.simplot.com. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
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