Leo II (emperor)
| Leo II | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| Roman emperor of the East | |||||
| Augustus | 17 November 473 – November 474 | ||||
| Coronation | 17 November 473 | ||||
| Predecessor | Leo I | ||||
| Successor | Zeno | ||||
| Alongside | See list
| ||||
| Caesar | October 472 – November 473 | ||||
| Born | c. 467 | ||||
| Died | November 474 (aged 7) Constantinople | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Leonid | ||||
| Father | Zeno | ||||
| Mother | Ariadne | ||||
Leo II (Greek: Λέων, Leōn; c. 467 – 474), called the Younger, briefly ruled as emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire from 473 to 474. He was the son of Zeno, the Isaurian general and future emperor, and Ariadne, a daughter of the emperor Leo I (r. 457–474). Leo II was made co-emperor with his grandfather Leo I on 17 November 473, and became sole emperor on 18 January 474 after Leo I died of dysentery. His father Zeno was made co-emperor by the Byzantine Senate on 29 January, and they co-ruled for a short time before Leo II died in late 474.
History
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Leo II, called "the Younger",[2] was born in 467,[3][a] the son of Zeno, an Isaurian general, and Ariadne, the daughter of then-emperor Leo I.[5] He was the maternal grandson of Emperor Leo I and Empress Verina.[6] As the grandson of Leo I, Leo II had a strong claim to succeed his throne.[7] Leo I, who was becoming increasingly ill, felt obligated to declare a successor to the imperial throne, but passed over his son-in-law on account of his unpopularity. Accordingly, Leo II was made caesar (heir to the throne) by Leo I around October 472,[b] and was later promoted to augustus (also by Leo I) in November 473, making him co-emperor alongside his grandfather.[5][6][11] He was crowned at the Hippodrome of Constantinople, and the ceremony was presided over by the Ecumenical Patriarch Acacius.[12] The 10th-century De Ceremoniis gives a detailed account of his coronation as augustus, which is dated to 17 November 473.[13][14][c] He was also appointed as the sole consul for 474 around this time.[17]
When Leo I died of dysentery on 18 January 474, Leo II acceded to the throne as sole augustus.[5][6][11][18] The historian Warren Treadgold wrote that during the reign of Leo II, his father Zeno was the true power behind the throne.[7] On 29 January 474,[d] the Byzantine Senate, with the approval of Empress Verina, made his father Zeno co-augustus under Leo II, as Leo was too young to sign official documents.[21][22] Leo II died in Constantinople shortly after 10 October 474.[19][23] The 6th-century writer John Malalas states that he reigned "1 year and 23 days", which, reckoning from his coronation as augustus, would give a death date of 8/9 December. However, he also states that Leo died on "November of the 13th indiction... as was written by the most learned Nestorianos, whose chronicle ended with Leo". Theodorus Lector, another 6th-century historian, states that Leo II died after a rule of 10 months, that is, from January to November 474. This is also corroborated by the 9th-century writer Theophanes the Confessor.[24][8] The 20th-century Byzantinist George Ostrogorsky simply wrote that Leo II died sometime in the autumn of 474.[25] He died aged 7, which is corroborated by the 6th-century writers John Malalas and John of Ephesus.[4] The death of Leo II left Zeno as sole emperor.[5][6][25]
His death having occurred so soon after he became emperor has led to speculation among some modern scholars that he was poisoned by either his mother or father so that Zeno could become sole emperor. However, no contemporary sources raised this suggestion even though Zeno was unpopular; thus it is considered likely that Leo II's death was natural, especially taking into account the high child mortality rate of the time.[5][6][11][23] Victor of Tunnuna, a 6th-century chronicler, says that Leo II did not actually die, but was rather taken by Ariadne and hidden at a monastery. This is likely a confusion with Basiliscus, the son of the Byzantine commander Armatus. Basiliscus was crowned caesar in 476 and was almost executed in 477 after his father was murdered by Zeno, but was saved by Ariadne. The confusion likely stems from the fact that Basiliscus was renamed Leo in order to avoid association with the usurper who rose against Zeno.[26]
Zeno was vastly unpopular due to a lack of dynastic prestige, with his only familial ties to the imperial throne being his marriage to Ariadne, the daughter of Leo I, and through his now-dead son Leo II. Additionally, because he was an Isaurian, he was seen as a foreigner by the Byzantine elite, and the treasury was empty on his ascension.[27] Zeno's sole rule was opposed by the House of Leo, with Verina, the widow of Leo I, proclaiming her brother Basiliscus as emperor in January 475. Zeno fled, and Basiliscus ruled for 20 months before Zeno returned and retook the throne.[6][28] Zeno's rule was marked by constant unrest, and it was only through cunning and bribery that he managed to rule for 17 years until his death on 9 April 491.[6][27][28]
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Some modern authors, relying on a passage of the Life of Daniel the Stylite (c. 495), date his birth to 469.[4]
- ^ The writers of the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire[8] and other authors[9] relied for the 473 date on the arguments of Otto Seeck, who followed Theodorus Lector and Kedrenos in linking Leo II's elevation to caesar with the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. However, modern scholars date the event to 472.[10]
- ^ Some authors have argued that the date given refers not to Leo II's elevation, but to his death.[15] This, however, would necessitate labeling the entire document as fake, which is highly unlikely.[16]
- ^ John Malalas gives Leo I's death and Zeno's coronation as 3 and 9 February respectively, while the Auctarium Prosperi Havniense gives 18 and 29 January. The latter source is often thought to be more accurate,[19] hence why Leo's death is usually given as 18 January.[20] However, and contradictorily, scholars often used 9 February for Zeno's coronation.[19][8]
Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Grant 1985, p. 328.
- ^ Vasiliev 1952, p. 67.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 154.
- ^ a b Croke 2021, pp. 146–148.
- ^ a b c d e Carr 2015, p. 55.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lee 2013, p. 100.
- ^ a b Treadgold 1997, p. 153.
- ^ a b c Jones, Martindale & Morris 1980, pp. 664–665.
- ^ Cooley 2012, p. 508.
- ^ Croke 2021, pp. 149–151.
- ^ a b c Adkins & Adkins 2004, p. 38.
- ^ Dagron 2003, pp. 81–82.
- ^ Croke 2021, pp. 153–159.
- ^ Dagron 2003, p. 69.
- ^ Meijer 2004, p. 158.
- ^ Croke 2021, pp. 156–157.
- ^ James 2013, p. 110.
- ^ Meijer 2004, p. 159.
- ^ a b c Croke 2021, pp. 159–160.
- ^ Jones, Martindale & Morris 1980, pp. 663–664.
- ^ Kosinski 2016, p. 148.
- ^ Grant 1985, pp. 327–328.
- ^ a b Gregory 2010, p. 117.
- ^ Croke 2021, pp. 160–162.
- ^ a b Ostrogorsky 1956, p. 62.
- ^ Shalev-Hurvitz 2015, p. 231.
- ^ a b Jones 2014, p. 91.
- ^ a b Freely 2010, p. 108.
Primary sources
[edit]- Anonymus Valesianus II (Anonymous, 6th century).
- Chronicon Paschale (Anonymous, 7th century).
- Makhtbhanuth Zabhne (Bar Hebraeus, 13th century).
- Chronicle of Domninos (6th century).
- Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius Scholasticus (6th century).
- Book XIV of the Chronographia of John Malalas (6th century).
- Romana (Jordanes, 6th century).
- Chronicle of Michael the Syrian (12th century).
- Chronicle of Nestorianos (6th century).
- Chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor (8th century).
- Chronicle of Victor of Tunnuna (6th century).
- Extracts of History (Joannes Zonaras, 12th century).
Bibliography
[edit]- Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (2004). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-7482-2.
- Carr, John (2015). Fighting Emperors of Byzantium. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-5640-0.
- Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2.
- Dagron, Gilbert (2003). Emperor and Priest: the Imperial Office in Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80123-2.
- Croke, Brian (2021). "The Imperial Reigns of Leo II". Roman Emperors in Context: Theodosius to Justinian. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-38830-5.
- Freely, John (2010). Children of Achilles: the Greeks in Asia Minor Since the Days of Troy. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-941-6.
- Grant, Michael (1985). The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome 31 BC – AD 476. New York: Scribner's. ISBN 978-0-684-18388-6.
- Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). A History of Byzantium. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8471-7.
- James, Liz (2013). Wonderful Things: Byzantium Through Its Art: Papers From the 42nd Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, London, 20–22 March 2009. Farnham: Ashgate Variorum. ISBN 978-1-4094-5514-1.
- Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin (2014). The Decline of the Ancient World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-87305-1.
- Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Martindale, J. R.; Morris, J. (1980). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume 2, AD 395–527. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20159-9.
- Kosinski, Rafał (2016). Holiness and Power: Constantinopolitan Holy Men and Authority in the 5th Century. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110419221. ISBN 978-3-11-041707-4.
- Lee, A. D. (2013). From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: the Transformation of Ancient Rome. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-6835-9.
- McEvoy, M. A. (2019). 'Leo II, Zeno, and the transfer of power from a son to his father in AD 474', in J.-W. Drijvers and N. Lenski (eds). The Fifth Century: Age of Transformation. Edipuglia.
- Meijer, Fik (2004). Emperors Don't Die in Bed. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-38405-1.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-813-51198-6.
- Shalev-Hurvitz, Vered (2015). Holy Sites Encircled: The Early Byzantine Concentric Churches of Jerusalem. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-965377-5.
- Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6.
- Vasiliev, Alexander (1952). History of the Byzantine Empire: Vol. 1, 324–1453. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-80925-0.
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